Abstract
Cellular senescence is the irreversible loss of proliferative potential and is accompanied by a number of phenotypic changes. First described by Hayflick and Moorhead in 1961, it has since become a popular model to study cellular aging. The replicative lifespan of human fibroblasts is heterogeneous even in clonal populations, with the fraction of senescent cells increasing with each population doubling (PD). Thus, the study of individual cells in mass culture is necessary in order to properly understand senescence and its associated phenotype. Cell sorting is a process that allows the physical separation of cells based on different characteristics which can be measured by flow cytometry. Here, we describe various methods by which senescent cells can be sorted from mixed cultures and discuss how different methods impact on the posterior analysis of sorted populations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kirkwood TBL (2005) Understanding the Odd Science of Aging. Cell 120(4):437–447
Hayflick L, Moorhead PS (1961) The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 25:585–621
Smith JR, Whitney RG (1980) Intraclonal variation in proliferative potential of human diploid fibroblasts: stochastic mechanism for cellular aging. Science 207(4426):82–84
Kill IR et al (1994) The expression of proliferation-dependent antigens during the lifespan of normal and progeroid human fibroblasts in culture. J Cell Sci 107(2):571–579
Thomas E et al (1997) Different kinetics of senescence in human fibroblasts and peritoneal mesothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 236(1):355–358
Lawless C et al (2010) Quantitative assessment of markers for cell senescence. Exp Gerontol 45(10):772–778
Bond JA, Wyllie FS, Wynford-Thomas D (1994) Escape from senescence in human diploid fibroblasts induced directly by mutant p53. Oncogene 9(7):1885–1889
d’Adda di Fagagna F et al (2003) A DNA damage checkpoint response in telomere-initiated senescence. Nature 426(6963):194–198
Cristofalo VJ et al (1998) Age-dependent modifications of gene expression in human fibroblasts. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 8(1):43–80
Cristofalo VJ, Kritchevsky D (1969) Cell size and nucleic acid content in the diploid human cell line WI-38 during aging. Med Exp Int J Exp Med 19(6):313–320
Passos JF et al (2007) Mitochondrial Dysfunction Accounts for the Stochastic Heterogeneity In Telomere-Dependent Senescence. PLoS Biol 5(5):e110
Terman A, Brunk UT (1998) Lipofuscin: Mechanisms of formation and increase with age. APMIS 106(2):265–276
Dimri GP et al (1995) A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(20):9363–9367
Coppé JP et al (2008) Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotypes Reveal Cell-Nonautonomous Functions of Oncogenic RAS and the p53 Tumor Suppressor. PLoS Biol 6(12):e301
Acosta JC et al (2008) Chemokine Signaling via the CXCR2 Receptor Reinforces Senescence. Cell 133(6):1006–1018
Narita M et al (2003) Rb-Mediated Heterochromatin Formation and Silencing of E2F Target Genes during Cellular Senescence. Cell 113(6):703–716
Binet R et al (2009) WNT16B Is a New Marker of Cellular Senescence That Regulates p53 Activity and the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/AKT Pathway. Cancer Res 69(24):9183–9191
Freund A et al (2012) Lamin B1 loss is a senescence-associated biomarker. Mol Biol Cell 23(11):2066–2075
Hewitt G et al (2012) Telomeres are favoured targets of a persistent DNA damage response in ageing and stress-induced senescence. Nat Commun 3:708
Herbig U et al (2006) Cellular Senescence in Aging Primates. Science 311(5765):1257–1257
Zglinicki TV et al (2005) Human cell senescence as a DNA damage response. Mech Ageing Dev 126(1):111–117
Lawless C et al (2010) Quantitative assessment of markers for cell senescence. Exp Gerontol 45(10):772–778
Sgonc R, Gruber J (1998) Apoptosis detection: An overview. Exp Gerontol 33(6):525–533
Wei W, Sedivy JM (1999) Differentiation between Senescence (M1) and Crisis (M2) in Human Fibroblast Cultures. Exp Cell Res 253(2):519–522
Gorbunova V, Seluanov A, Pereira-Smith OM (2003) Evidence that high telomerase activity may induce a senescent-like growth arrest in human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 278(9):7692–7698
Sitte N et al (2001) Lipofuscin accumulation in proliferating fibroblasts in vitro: An indicator of oxidative stress. Exp Gerontol 36(3):475–486
Martinez-Vicente M, Sovak G, Cuervo AM (2005) Protein degradation and aging. Exp Gerontol 40(8‚Äì9):622–633
Martin-Ruiz C et al (2004) Stochastic Variation in Telomere Shortening Rate Causes Heterogeneity of Human Fibroblast Replicative Life Span. J Biol Chem 279(17):17826–17833
Birket MJ et al (2008) The Relationship between the Aging- and Photo-Dependent T414G Mitochondrial DNA Mutation with Cellular Senescence and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Cultured Skin Fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 129(6):1361–1366
Hutter E et al (2004) Senescence-associated changes in respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in primary human fibroblasts. Biochem J 380(Pt 3):919–928
Passos JF et al (2010) Feedback between p21 and reactive oxygen production is necessary for cell senescence. Mol Syst Biol 6:347
Kalyanaraman B et al (2011) Measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with fluorescent probes: challenges and limitations. Free Radic Biol Med 52(1):1–6
Lawless C et al (2012) A Stochastic Step Model of Replicative Senescence Explains ROS Production Rate in Ageing Cell Populations. PLoS One 7(2):e32117
Passos JF et al (2010) Feedback between p21 and reactive oxygen production is necessary for cell senescence. Mol Syst Biol 6:347
Scholzen T, Gerdes J (2000) The Ki-67 protein: From the Known and the Unknown. J Cell Physiol 182:311–322
D’Adda di Fagagna F et al (2003) A DNA damage checkpoint response in telomere-initiated senescence. Nature 426(6963):194–198
Satyanarayana A et al (2004) Mitogen stimulation cooperates with telomere shortening to activate DNA damage responses and senescence signaling. Mol Cell Biol 24(12):5459–5474
Masterson JC, O’Dea S (2007) 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine activates DNA damage signalling responses and induces a senescence-like phenotype in p16-null lung cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 18(9):1053–1068. doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e32825209f6
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by a BBSRC David Phillips Fellowship awarded to J.P.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Hewitt, G., von Zglinicki, T., Passos, J.F. (2013). Cell Sorting of Young and Senescent Cells. In: Tollefsbol, T. (eds) Biological Aging. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1048. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-556-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-556-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-555-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-556-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols