Abstract
The role of the vessel wall is complex and its effects are wide-ranging. The vessel wall, specifically the endothelial monolayer that lines the inner lumen, possesses the ability to influence various physiological states both locally and systemically by controlling vascular tone, basement membrane component synthesis, angiogenesis, haemostatic properties, and immunogenicity. This is an overview of the function and structure of the vessel wall and how disruption and dysfunction in any of these regulatory roles can lead to disease states.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Rubanyi GM, Romero JC, Vanhoutte PM (1986) Flow-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Am J Physiol 250:H1145–H1149
Klinger JR (2007) The nitric oxide/cGMP signaling pathway in pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chest Med 28:143–167
Vanhoutte PM (1991) Hypercholesterolaemia, atherosclerosis and release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor by aggregating platelets. Eur Heart J 12:25–32
Vanhoutte PM, Boulanger CM, Mombouli JV (1995) Endothelium-derived relaxing factors and converting enzyme inhibition. Am J Cardiol 76:3E–12E
Shimokawa H, Vanhoutte PM (1989) Impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation to aggregating platelets and related vasoactive substances in porcine coronary arteries in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Circ Res 64:900–914
Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Brush JE Jr, Epstein SE (1990) Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 323:22–27
Panza JA, Casino PR, Kilcoyne CM, Quyyumi AA (1993) Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 87:1468–1474
Shimokawa H, Aarhus LL, Vanhoutte PM (1987) Porcine coronary arteries with regenerated endothelium have a reduced endothelium-dependent responsiveness to aggregating platelets and serotonin. Circ Res 61:256–270
Shimokawa H, Vanhoutte PM (1991) Angiographic demonstration of hyperconstriction induced by serotonin and aggregating platelets in porcine coronary arteries with regenerated endothelium. J Am Coll Cardiol 17:1197–1202
Palmer RM, Rees DD, Ashton DS, Moncada S (1988) L-arginine is the physiological precursor for the formation of nitric oxide in endothelium-dependent relaxation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 153:1251–1256
Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA (1991) Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 43:109–142
Moncada S, Higgs EA (2006) Nitric oxide and the vascular endothelium. Handb Exp Pharmacol 176:213–254
Rapoport RM, Murad E (1983) Endothelium-dependent and nitrovasodilator-induced relaxation of vascular smooth muscle: role of cyclic GMP. J Cyclic Nucleotide Protein Phosphor Res 9:281–296
Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S (1987) Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 327:524–526
Hermann M (2006) Cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 47:S21–S25
Rees DD, Palmer RM, Moncada S (2007) Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:3375–3378
Scott-Burden T, Vanhoutte PM (1994) Regulation of smooth muscle cell growth by endothelium-derived factors. Tex Heart Inst J 21:91–97
Desjardins F, Balligand JL (2006) Nitric oxide-dependent endothelial function and cardiovascular disease. Acta Clin Belg 61:326–334
Bunting S, Gryglewski R, Moncada S, Vane JR (1976) Arterial walls generate from prostaglandin endoperoxides a substance (prostaglandin X) which relaxes strips of mesenteric and coeliac arteries and inhibits platelet aggregation. Prostaglandins 12:897–913
Weksler BB, Marcus AJ, Jaffe EA (1977) Synthesis of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) by cultured human and bovine endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74:3922–3926
Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S (1987) Comparative pharmacology of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide and prostacyclin in platelets. Br J Pharmacol 92:181–187
Weksler BB, Ley CW, Jaffe EA (1978) Stimulation of endothelial cell prostacyclin production by thrombin, trypsin, and the ionophore A 23187. J Clin Invest 62:923–930
Hong SL (1980) Effect of bradykinin and thrombin on prostacyclin synthesis in endothelial cells from calf and pig aorta and human umbilical cord vein. Thromb Res 18:787–795
Baenziger NL, Force LE, Becherer PR (1980) Histamine stimulate prostacyclin synthesis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 92:1435–1440
Grabowski EF, Jaffe EA, Weksler BB (1985) Prostacyclin production by cultured endothelial cell monolayers exposed to step increases in shear stress. J Lab Clin Med 105:36–43
de Wit C, Wölfle SE (2007) EDHF and gap junctions: important regulators of vascular tone within the microcirculation. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 8:11–25
Feletou M, Vanhoutte PM (1988) Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of canine coronary smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 93:515–524
Komori K, Vanhoutte PM (1990) Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. Blood Vessels 27:238–245
Nagao T, Vanhoutte PM (1993) Endo-thelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and endothelium-dependent relaxations. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 8:1–6
Vanhoutte PM, Feletou M, Taddei S (2005) Endothelium-dependent contractions in hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 144:449–458
Hickey KA, Rubanyi G, Paul RJ, Highsmith RF (1985) Characterization of a coronary vasoconstrictor produced by cultured endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 248:C550–C556
Gillespie MN, Owasoyo JO, McMurtry IF, O’Brien RF (1986) Sustained coronary vasoconstriction provoked by a peptidergic substance released from endothelial cells in culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 236:339–343
Bloch KD, Eddy RL, Shows TB, Quertermous T (1989) cDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment of the gene encoding endothelin 3. J Biol Chem 264:18156–18161
Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Inoue A, Ryan US, Kimura S, Mitsui Y, Goto K, Masaki T (1991) cDNA cloning, sequence analysis and tissue distribution of rat preproendothelin-1 mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 175:44–47
Graf J, Ogle RC, Robey FA, Sasaki M, Martin GR, Yamada Y, Kleinman HK (1987) A pentapeptide from the laminin B1 chain mediates cell adhesion and binds the 67,000 laminin receptor. Biochemistry 26:6896–6900
Russell FD, Skepper JN, Davenport AP (1998) Evidence using immunoelectron microscopy for regulated and constitutive pathways in the transport and release of endothelin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31:424–430
Rondaij MG, Bierings R, Kragt A, van Mourik JA, Voorberg J (2006) Dynamics and plasticity of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:1002–1007
Russell FD, Skepper JN, Davenport AP (1998) Human endothelial cell storage granules: a novel intracellular site for isoforms of the endothelin-converting enzyme. Circ Res 83:314–321
Bousette N, Giaid A (2003) Endothelin-1 in atherosclerosis and other vasculopathies. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 81:578–587
Marasciulo FL, Montagnani M, Potenza MA (2006) Endothelin-1: the yin and yang on vascular function. Curr Med Chem 13:1655–1665
Boulanger C, Lüscher TF (1990) Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta. Inhibition by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. J Clin Invest 85:587–590
Kohno M, Yokokawa K, Horio T, Yasunari K, Murakawa K, Takeda T (1992) Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides inhibit the endothelin-1 secretory response to angiotensin II in porcine aorta. Circ Res 70:241–247
Emori T, Hirata Y, Imai T, Eguchi S, Kanno K, Marumo F (1993) Cellular mechanism of natriuretic peptides-induced inhibition of endothelin-1 biosynthesis in rat endothelial cells. Endocrinology 133:2474–2480
Imai T, Hirata Y, Emori T, Marumo F (1993) Heparin has an inhibitory effect on endothelin-1 synthesis and release by endothelial cells. Hypertension 21:353–358
Yokokawa K, Tahara H, Kohno M, Mandal AK, Yanagisawa M, Takeda T (1993) Heparin regulates endothelin production through endothelium-derived nitric oxide in human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 92:2080–2085
Prins BA, Hu RM, Nazario B, Pedram A, Frank HJ, Weber MA, Levin ER (1994) Prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin inhibit the production and secretion of endothelin from cultured endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 269:11938–11944
Toda M, Yamamoto K, Shimizu N, Obi S, Kumagaya S, Igarashi T, Kamiya A, Ando J (2008) Differential gene responses in endothelial cells exposed to a combination of shear stress and cyclic stretch. J Biotechnol 133:239–244
Busse R, Fleming I (2006) Vascular endothelium and blood flow. Handb Exp Pharmacol (176 Pt 2):43–78
Wagner OF, Christ G, Wojta J, Vierhapper H, Parzer S, Nowotny PJ, Schneider B, Waldhäusl W, Binder BR (1992) Polar secretion of endothelin-1 by cultured endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 267:16066–16068
Hosoda K, Nakao K, Hiroshi-Arai, Suga S, Ogawa Y, Mukoyama M, Shirakami G, Saito Y, Nakanishi S, Imura H (1991) Cloning and expression of human endothelin-1 receptor cDNA. FEBS Lett 287:23–26
Warner TD, Allcock GH, Corder R, Vane JR (1993) Use of the endothelin antagonists BQ-123 and PD 142893 to reveal three endothelin receptors mediating smooth muscle contraction and the release of EDRF. Br J Pharmacol 110:777–782
Sumner MJ, Cannon TR, Mundin JW, White DG, Watts IS (1992) Endothelin ETA and ETB receptors mediate vascular smooth muscle contraction. Br J Pharmacol 107:858–860
Moreland S, McMullen DM, Delaney CL, Lee VG, Hunt JT (1992) Venous smooth muscle contains vasoconstrictor ETB-like receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 184:100–106
Sudjarwo SA, Hori M, Takai M, Urade Y, Okada T, Karaki H (1993) A novel subtype of endothelin B receptor mediating contraction in swine pulmonary vein. Life Sci 53:431–437
Schiffrin EL (1995) Endothelin: potential role in hypertension and vascular hypertrophy. Hypertension 25:1135–1143
Schiffrin EL, Deng LY, Sventek P, Day R (1997) Enhanced expression of endothelin-1 gene in resistance arteries in severe human essential hypertension. J Hypertens 15:57–63
Taylor RN, Varma M, Teng NN, Roberts JM (1990) Women with preeclampsia have higher plasma endothelin levels than women with normal pregnancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:1675–1677
Clark BA, Halvorson L, Sachs B, Epstein FH (1992) Plasma endothelin levels in preeclampsia: elevation and correlation with uric acid levels and renal impairment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:962–968
Kon V, Sugiura M, Inagami T, Harvie BR, Ichikawa I, Hoover RL (1990) Role of endothelin in cyclosporine-induced glomerular dysfunction. Kidney Int 37:1487–1491
Kaddoura S, Curzen NP, Evans TW, Firth JD, Poole-Wilson PA (1996) Tissue expression of endothelin-1 mRNA in endotoxaemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 218:641–647
Golfman LS, Hata T, Beamish RE, Dhalla NS (1993) Role of endothelin in heart function in health and disease. Can J Cardiol 9:635–653
Hirata Y, Takagi Y, Fukada Y, Marumo F (1989) Endothelin is a potent mitogen for rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 78:225–228
Bobik A, Grooms A, Millar JA, Mitchell A, Grinpukel S (1990) Growth factor activity of endothelin on vascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 258:C408–C415
Brown MJ (2007) Renin: friend or foe? Heart 93:1026–1033
Weir MR, Dzau VJ (1999) The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: a specific target for hypertension management. Am J Hypertens 12:205S–213S
Volpe M, Savoia C, De Paolis P, Ostrowska B, Tarasi D, Rubattu S (2002) The renin-angiotensin system as a risk factor and therapeutic target for cardiovascular and renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:S173–S178
Brewster UC, Setaro JF, Perazella MA (2003) The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: cardiorenal effects and implications for renal and cardiovascular disease states. Am J Med Sci 326:15–24
Faraci FM (2006) Reactive oxygen species: influence on cerebral vascular tone. J Appl Physiol 100:739–743
Madamanchi NR, Vendrov A, Runge MS (2005) Oxidative stress and vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:29–38
Mueller CF, Laude K, McNally JS, Harrison DG (2005) ATVB in focus: redox mechanisms in blood vessels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:274–278
Didion SP, Faraci FM (2002) Effects of NADH and NADPH on superoxide levels and cerebral vascular tone. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282:H688–H695
Faraci FM, Heistad DD (1998) Regulation of the cerebral circulation: role of endothelium and potassium channels. Physiol Rev 78:53–97
Edelman DA, Jiang Y, Tyburski J, Wilson RF, Steffes C (2006) Pericytes and their role in microvasculature homeostasis. J Surg Res 135:305–311
Yamagishi S, Imaizumi T (2005) Pericyte biology and diseases. Int J Tissue React 27:125–135
Paulsson M (1992) Basement membrane proteins: structure, assembly, and cellular interactions. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 27:93–127
Hudson BG, Reeders ST, Tryggvason K (1993) Type IV collagen: structure, gene organization, and role in human diseases. Molecular basis of Goodpasture and Alport syndromes and diffuse leiomyomatosis. J Biol Chem 268:26033–26036
Colognato H, Yurchenco PD (2000) Form and function: the laminin family of heterotrimers. Dev Dyn 218:213–234
Vracko R, Benditt EP (1972) Basal lamina: the scaffold for orderly cell replacement. Observations on regeneration of injured skeletal muscle fibers and capillaries. J Cell Biol 55:406–419
Vracko R (1974) Basal lamina scaffold-anatomy and significance for maintenance of orderly tissue structure. Am J Pathol 77:314–346
Timpl R (1989) Structure and biological activity of basement membrane proteins. Eur J Biochem 180:487–502
Schittny JC, Yurchenco PD (1989) Basement membranes: molecular organization and function in development and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1:983–988
Yurchenco PD, Schittny JC (1990) Molecular architecture of basement membranes. FASEB J 4:1577–1590
Cheng YS, Champliaud MF, Burgeson RE, Marinkovich MP, Yurchenco PD (1997) Self-assembly of laminin isoforms. J Biol Chem 272:31525–31532
Prockop DJ, Kivirikko KI (1995) Collagens: molecular biology, diseases, and potentials for therapy. Annu Rev Biochem 64:403–434
Kalluri R (2003) Basement membranes: structure, assembly and role in tumour angiogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 3:422–433
Timpl R, Wiedemann H, van Delden V, Furthmayr H, Kühn K (1981) A network model for the organization of type IV collagen molecules in basement membranes. Eur J Biochem 120:203–211
Kühn K, Wiedemann H, Timpl R, Risteli J, Dieringer H, Voss T, Glanville RW (1981) Macromolecular structure of basement membrane collagens. FEBS Lett 125:123–128
Herbst TJ, McCarthy JB, Tsilibary EC, Furcht LT (1988) Differential effects of laminin, intact type IV collagen, and specific domains of type IV collagen on endothelial cell adhesion and migration. J Cell Biol 106:1365–1373
Ruoslahti E, Pierschbacher MD (1987) New perspectives in cell adhesion: RGD and integrins. Science 238:491–497
Kleinman HK, Cannon FB, Laurie GW, Hassell JR, Aumailley M, Terranova VP, Martin GR, DuBois-Dalcq M (1985) Biological activities of laminin. J Cell Biochem 27:317–325
Graf J, Iwamoto Y, Sasaki M, Martin GR, Kleinman HK, Robey FA, Yamada Y (1987) Identification of an amino acid sequence in laminin mediating cell attachment, chemotaxis, and receptor binding. Cell 48:989–996
Hassell JR, Robey FA, Barrach HJ, Wilczek J, Rennard SI, Martin GR (1980) Isolation of a heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycan from basement membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77:4494–4498
Kanwar YS, Jakubowski ML, Rosenzweig LJ (1983) Distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangial matrix. Eur J Cell Biol 31:290–295
Ledbetter SR, Fisher LW, Hassell JR (1987) Domain structure of the basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Biochemistry 26:988–995
Madri JA, Williams SK (1983) Capillary endothelial cell cultures: phenotypic modulation by matrix components. J Cell Biol 97:153–165
Carley WW, Milici AJ, Madri JA (1988) Extracellular matrix specificity for the differentiation of capillary endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 178:426–434
Kramer RH, Bensch KG, Davison PM, Krasek MA (1984) Basal lamina formation by cultured microvascular endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 99:692–698
Moscatelli D, Jaffe E, Rifkin DB (1980) Tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate stimulates latent collagenase production by cultured human endothelial cells. Cell 20:343–351
Gross JL, Moscatelli D, Jaffe E, Rifkin DB (1982) Plasminogen activator and collagenase production by cultured capillary endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 95:974–981
Kalebic T, Garbisa S, Glaser B, Liotta LA (1983) Basement membrane collagen: degradation by migrating endothelial cells. Science 221:281–283
Folkman J, Shing Y (1992) Angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 267:10931–10934
Carmeliet P, Jain RK (2000) Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 407:249–257
Jain RK, Carmeliet PF (2001) Vessels of death or life. Sci Am 285:38–45
Xu J, Rodriguez D, Petitclerc E, Kim JJ, Hangai M, Moon YS, Davis GE, Brooks PC (2001) Proteolytic exposure of a cryptic site within collagen type IV is required for angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. J Cell Biol 154:1069–1079
Xu J, Rodriguez D, Kim JJ, Brooks PC (2000) Generation of monoclonal antibodies to cryptic collagen sites by using subtractive immunization. Hybridoma 19:375–385
Sheppard D (2000) In vivo functions of integrins: lessons from null mutations in mice. Matrix Biol 19:203–209
Hynes RO (2008) Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 69:11–25
Hynes RO (2002) Integrins: bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines. Cell 110:673–687
Kuwano M, Fukushi J, Okamoto M, Nishie A, Goto H, Ishibashi T, Ono M (2001) Angiogenesis factors. Intern Med 40: 565–572
Lutsenko SV, Kiselev SM, Severin SE (2003) Molecular mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis. Biochemistry (Mosc) 68:286–300
Battegay EJ (1995) Angiogenesis: mechanistic insights, neovascular diseases, and therapeutic prospects. J Mol Med 73: 333–346
Suhardja A, Hoffman H (2003) Role of growth factors and their receptors in proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells. Microsc Res Tech 60:70–75
Jones AV, Cross NC (2004) Oncogenic derivatives of platelet-derived growth factor receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 61:2912–2923
Bernardini G, Ribatti D, Spinetti G, Morbidelli L, Ziche M, Santoni A, Capogrossi MC, Napolitano M (2003) Analysis of the role of chemokines in angiogenesis. J Immunol Methods 273:83–101
Eliceiri BP, Cheresh DA (2001) Adhesion events in angiogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 13:563–568
Drake TA, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS (1989) Selective cellular expression of tissue factor in human tissues. Implications for disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis. Am J Pathol 134:1087–1097
Fleck RA, Rao LV, Rapoport SI, Varki N (1990) Localization of human tissue factor antigen by immunostaining with monospecific, polyclonal anti-human tissue factor antibody. Thromb Res 59:421–437
Flössel C, Luther T, Müller M, Albrecht S, Kasper M (1994) Immunohistochemical detection of tissue factor (TF) on paraffin sections of routinely fixed human tissue. Histochemistry 101:449–453
Bouchard BA, Shatos MA, Tracy PB (1997) Human brain pericytes differentially regulate expression of procoagulant enzyme complexes comprising the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:1–9
Schecter AD, Spirn B, Rossikhina M, Giesen PL, Bogdanov V, Fallon JT, Fisher EA, Schnapp LM, Nemerson Y, Taubman MB (2000) Release of active tissue factor by human arterial smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 87:126–132
Hoffman M, Monroe DM, Oliver JA, Roberts HR (1995) Factors IXa and Xa play distinct roles in tissue factor-dependent initiation of coagulation. Blood 86:1794–1801
Nemerson Y (1988) Tissue factor and hemostasis. Blood 71:1–8
Kurachi K, Davie EW (1977) Activation of human factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) by factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor). Biochemistry 16:5831–5839
Nemerson Y (1966) The reaction between bovine brain tissue factor and factors VII and X. Biochemistry 5:601–608
Chen J, López JA (2005) Interactions of platelets with subendothelium and endothelium. Microcirculation 12:235–246
Coller BS, Beer JH, Scudder LE, Steinberg MH (1989) Collagen-platelet interactions: evidence for a direct interaction of collagen with platelet GPIa/IIa and an indirect interaction with platelet GPIIb/IIIa mediated by adhesive proteins. Blood 74:182–192
Goto S, Tamura N, Handa S, Arai M, Kodama K, Takayama H (2002) Involvement of glycoprotein VI in platelet thrombus formation on both collagen and von Willebrand factor surfaces under flow conditions. Circulation 106:266–272
Massberg S, Gawaz M, Grüner S, Schulte V, Konrad I, Zohlnhöfer D, Heinzmann U, Nieswandt B (2003) A crucial role of glycoprotein VI for platelet recruitment to the injured arterial wall in vivo. J Exp Med 197:41–49
Wagner DD (1993) The Weibel-Palade body: the storage granule for von Willebrand factor and P-selectin. Thromb Haemost 70:105–110
Wu YI, Sheffield WP, Blajchman MA (1994) Defining the heparin-binding domain of antithrombin. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 5:83–95
Jackson CM (1990) Mechanism of heparin action. Baillieres Clin Haematol 3:483–504
Casu B (1990) Heparin structure. Haemostasis 20:62–73
Olds RJ, Lane DA, Mille B, Chowdhury V, Thein SL (1994) Antithrombin: the principal inhibitor of thrombin. Semin Thromb Hemost 20:353–372
Rosenberg JS, McKenna PW, Rosenberg RD (1975) Inhibition of human factor IXa by human antithrombin. J Biol Chem 250:8883–8888
Stead N, Kaplan AP, Rosenberg RD (1976) Inhibition of activated factor XII by antithrombin-heparin cofactor. J Biol Chem 251:6481–6488
Damus PS, Hicks M, Rosenberg RD (1973) Anticoagulant action of heparin. Nature 246:355–357
Rao LV, Nordfang O, Hoang AD, Pendurthi UR (1995) Mechanism of antithrombin III inhibition of factor VIIa/tissue factor activity on cell surfaces. Comparison with tissue factor pathway inhibitor/factor Xa-induced inhibition of factor VIIa/tissue factor activity. Blood 85:121–129
Okajima K, Uchiba M (1998) The anti-inflammatory properties of antithrombin III: new therapeutic implications. Semin Thromb Hemost 24:27–32
Dunzendorfer S, Kaneider N, Rabensteiner A, Meierhofer C, Reinisch C, Römisch J, Wiedermann CJ (2001) Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan-mediated regulation of human neutrophil migration by the serpin antithrombin III. Blood 97:1079–1085
Hoffmann JN, Vollmar B, Römisch J, Inthorn D, Schildberg FW, Menger MD (2002) Antithrombin effects on endotoxin-induced microcirculatory disorders are mediated mainly by its interaction with microvascular endothelium. Crit Care Med 30:215–225
Souter PJ, Thomas S, Hubbard AR, Poole S, Römisch J, Gray E (2001) Antithrombin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue factor and interleukin-6 production by mononuclear cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and whole blood. Crit Care Med 29:134–139
Oelschläger C, Römisch J, Staubitz A, Stauss H, Leithäuser B, Tillmanns H, Hölschermann H (2002) Antithrombin III inhibits nuclear factor kappaB activation in human monocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Blood 99:4015–4020
Zuo XJ, Nicolaidou E, Okada Y, Toyoda M, Jordan SC (2001) Antithrombin III inhibits lymphocyte proliferation, immunoglobulin production and mRNA expression of lymphocyte growth factors (IL-2, gamma-IFN and IL-4) in vitro. Transpl Immunol 9:1–6
Esmon CT (2003) The protein C pathway. Chest 124:26S–32S
Weiler H, Isermann BH (2003) Thrombomodulin. J Thromb Haemost 1:1515–1524
Van de Wouwer M, Collen D, Conway EM (2004) Thrombomodulin-protein C-EPCR system: integrated to regulate coagulation and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1374–1383
Esmon CT (2000) The endothelial cell protein C receptor. Thromb Haemost 83:639–643
Nicolaes GA, Dahlbäck B (2002) Factor V and thrombotic disease: description of a janus-faced protein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:530–538
Pescatore SL (2001) Clinical management of protein C deficiency. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2:431–439
Nizzi FA Jr, Kaplan HS (1999) Protein C and S deficiency. Semin Thromb Hemost 25:265–272
Broze GJ Jr, Warren LA, Novotny WF, Higuchi DA, Girard JJ, Miletich JP (1988) The lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor that inhibits the factor VII-tissue factor complex also inhibits factor Xa: insight into its possible mechanism of action. Blood 71:335–343
Piro O, Broze GJ Jr (2004) Role for the Kunitz-3 domain of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-alpha in cell surface binding. Circulation 110:3567–3572
Sandset PM (1996) Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)—an update. Haemostasis 26:156–165
Girard TJ, Warren LA, Novotny WF, Likert KM, Brown SG, Miletich JP, Broze GJ Jr (1989) Functional significance of the Kunitz-type inhibitory domains of lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor. Nature 338:518–520
Broze GJ Jr (1995) Tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Thromb Haemost 74:90–93
Lindahl AK (1997) Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: from unknown coagulation inhibitor to major antithrombotic principle. Cardiovasc Res 33:286–291
Bachmann F (2001) Plasminogen-plasmin enzyme system. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Clowes AW, George JN (eds) Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp 275–320
Collen D, Lijnen HR (1991) Basic and clinical aspects of fibrinolysis and thrombolysis. Blood 78:3114–3124
Medved L, Tsurupa G, Yakovlev S (2008) Conformational changes upon conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. The mechanisms of exposure of cryptic sites. Ann N Y Acad Sci 936:185–204
Binder BR, Mihaly J, Prager GW (2007) uPAR-uPA-PAI-1 interactions and signaling: a vascular biologist’s view. Thromb Haemost 97:336–342
Binder BR, Christ G, Gruber F, Grubic N, Hufnagl P, Krebs M, Mihaly J, Prager GW (2002) Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: physiological and pathophysiological roles. News Physiol Sci 17:56–61
Bouma BN, Mosnier LO (2006) Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)—how does thrombin regulate fibrinolysis? Ann Med 38:378–388
Bouma BN, Meijers JC (2003) Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI, plasma procarboxypeptidase B, procarboxypeptidase R, procarboxypeptidase U). J Thromb Haemost 1:1566–1574
Bajzar L (2000) Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and an antifibrinolytic pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:2511–2518
van Tilburg NH, Rosendaal FR, Bertina RM (2000) Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and the risk for deep vein thrombosis. Blood 95:2855–2859
Methe H, Hess S, Edelman ER (2007) Endothelial immunogenicity—a matter of matrix microarchitecture. Thromb Haemost 98:278–282
Anderson TJ (2008) Assessment and treatment of endothelial dysfunction in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:631–638
Libby P (2002) Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 420:868–874
Ross R (1999) Atherosclerosis—an infla-mmatory disease. N Engl J Med 340: 115–126
Methe H, Edelman ER (2006) Tissue engineering of endothelial cells and the immune response. Transplant Proc 38:3293–3299
Turesson C (2004) Endothelial expression of MHC class II molecules in autoimmune disease. Curr Pharm Des 10:129–143
Rose ML (1997) Role of endothelial cells in allograft rejection. Vasc Med 2:105–114
Acknowledgments
Anthony Chan is supported by the Bayer Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Grant.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Humana Press
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Paredes, N., Chan, A.K.C. (2013). The Role of the Vessel Wall. In: Monagle, P. (eds) Haemostasis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 992. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-339-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-339-8_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-338-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-339-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols