Abstract
Both nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are versatile molecules that mediate a variety of cellular responses in plants. In this chapter, methods for imaging NO and ROS using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) are presented. Arabidopsis roots, dyed with DAF-FM or H2DCF, are observed using the Leica TCS-SP2 LSCM. NO or ROS production are imaged and their kinetic changes monitored with the laser excitation and emission wavelengths at 488 nm and between 500 and 530 nm, respectively. In addition, Leica software is employed to visualize and calculate the fluorescence intensity data.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S (1987) Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 327:524–526
Prast H, Philippu A (2001) Nitric oxide as modulator of neuronal function. Prog Neurobiol 64:51–68
Esplugues JV (2002) NO as a signaling molecule in the nervous system. Br J Pharmacol 135:1079–1095
Culotta E, Koshland DE Jr (1992) NO news is good news. Science 258:1862–1865
Snyder SH (1992) Nitric oxide: first in a new class of neurotransmitters. Science 257:494–496
Vincent SR (1992) Nitric oxide and arginine-evoked insulin secretion. Science 258:1376–1378
Durner J, Klessig DF (1999) Nitric oxide as a signal in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2:369–374
Wendehenne D, Pugin A, Klessig DF, Durner J (2001) Nitric oxide: comparative synthesis and signaling in animals and plant cells. Trends Plant Sci 6:177–183
Crawford NM, Guo FQ (2005) New insights into nitric oxide metabolism and regulatory functions. Trends Plant Sci 10:195–200
Lamattina L, GarcÃa-Mata C, Graziano M, Pagnussat G (2003) Nitric oxide: the versatility of an extensive signal molecule. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54:109–136
Besson-Bard A, Pugin A, Wendehenne D (2008) New insights into nitric oxide signaling in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:21–39
Zhang H, Shen WB, Zhang W, Xu LL (2005) A rapid response of β-amylase to nitric oxide but not gibberellin in wheat seeds during the early stage of germination. Planta 220:708–716
Courtois C, Besson A, Dahan J, Bourque S, Dobrowolska G, Pugin A, Wendehenne D (2008) Nitric oxide signaling in plants: interplays with Ca2+ and protein kinases. J Exp Bot 59:155–163
Hetrick EM, Schoenfisch MH (2009) Analytical chemistry of nitric oxide. Annu Rev Anal Chem 2:409–433
Zhao MG, Tian QY, Zhang WH (2007) Nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide production is associated with salt tolerance in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 144:206–217
Zhao MG, Chen L, Zhang LL, Zhang WH (2009) Nitric reductase-dependent nitric oxide production is involved in cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 151:755–767
Asai S, Ohta K, Yoshida H (2008) MAPK signaling regulates nitric oxide and NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative bursts in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Cell 20:1390–1406
Xie YJ, Ling TF, Han Y, Liu KL, Zheng QS, Huang LQ, Yuan XX, He Z, Hu B, Fang L, Shen ZG, Yang Q, Shen WB (2008) Carbon monoxide enhances salt tolerance by nitric oxide-mediated maintenance of ion homeostasis and up-regulation of antioxidant defense in wheat seedling roots. Plant Cell Environ 31:1864–1881
Lozano-Juste J, León J (2010) Enhanced abscisic acid-mediated responses in nia1nia2noa1-2 triple mutant impaired in NIA/NR- and AtNOA1-dependent nitric oxide biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 152:891–903
Kojima H, Nakatsubo N, Kikuchi K, Kawahara S, Kirino Y, Nagoshi H, Nagano T (1998) Detection and imaging of nitric oxide with novel fluorescent indicators: diaminofluoresceins. Anal Chem 70:2446–2453
Kojima H, Urano Y, Kikuchi K, Higuchi T, Hirata Y, Nagano T (1999) Fluorescent indicators for imaging nitric oxide production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 38:3209–3212
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos 31170241, 30971711 and 30671248), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (grant no. BK2009309), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grants nos KYJ200912 and KYZ200905), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and the Technology Support Program in Jiangsu Province (grant no. BE2010382).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Xie, YJ., Shen, WB. (2012). In vivo Imaging of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species Using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy. In: Shabala, S., Cuin, T. (eds) Plant Salt Tolerance. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 913. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-985-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-986-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols