Abstract
Cysteines are one of the most rarely used amino acids in proteins, therefore when conserved in proteins they usually play critical roles in structure, function, or regulation of the protein. These cysteines or thiols can be reversibly oxidised to sulfenic acid (–SOH), thiyl radicals (–S•) or nitrosothiols (–SNO) or form both inter-and intra-disulfide bridges (PSSP). The protein thiol groups PSSPs, represent a larger active redox pool than glutathione and are likely to be directly involved in cellular defence against oxidative stress. Diagonal electrophoresis is a relatively simple technique to analyze the formation of protein disulfides by sequential non-reducing/reducing electrophoresis. Proteins that do not form disulfides, electrophorese identically in both dimensions and form a diagonal after the second dimension, proteins that contained intra-chain disulfides lie above this diagonal, while those that formed inter-disulfides fall below the diagonal. This technique therefore allows for the detection and identification of protein disulfides.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jones DP (2008) Radical-free biology of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol 295:C849–C868
Giustarini D, Milzani A, Aldini G, Carini M, Rossi R, Dalle-Donne I (2005) S-nitrosation versus S-glutathionylation of protein sulfhydryl groups by S-nitrosoglutathione. Antioxid Redox Signal 7:930–939
Jones DP (2006) Redefining oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 8:1865–1879
Hansen RE, Roth D, Winther JR (2009) Quantifying the global cellular thiol-disulfide status. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:422–427
Mohr S, Hallak H, de Boitte A, Lapetina EG, Brune B (1999) Nitric oxide-induced S-glutathionylation and inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 274:9427–9430
Chen XJ, Wang X, Butow RA (2007) Yeast aconitase binds and provides metabolically coupled protection to mitochondrial DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13738–13743
Susan-Resiga D, Nowak T (2004) Proton donor in yeast pyruvate kinase: chemical and kinetic properties of the active site Thr 298 to Cys mutant. Biochemistry 43:15230–15245
Sommer A, Traut RR (1974) Diagonal polyacrylamide-dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis for the identification of ribosomal proteins crosslinked with methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:3946–3950
Brennan JP, Wait R, Begum S, Bell JR, Dunn MJ, Eaton P (2004) Detection and mapping of widespread intermolecular protein disulfide formation during cardiac oxidative stress using proteomics with diagonal electrophoresis. J Biol Chem 279:41352–41360
Cumming RC, Andon NL, Haynes PA, Park M, Fischer WH, Schubert D (2004) Protein disulfide bond formation in the cytoplasm during oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 279:21749–21758
Mata-Cabana A, Florencio FJ, Lindahl M (2007) Membrane proteins from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 interacting with thioredoxin. Proteomics 7:3953–3963
McDonagh B, Sheehan D (2007) Effect of oxidative stress on protein thiols in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis: proteomic identification of target proteins. Proteomics 7:3395–3403
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Grants P06-CVI-01611 from the Andalusian Government and BFU2006-02990 and BFU2009-08004 from the Spanish Government.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
McDonagh, B. (2012). Diagonal Electrophoresis for the Detection of Protein Disulfides. In: Kurien, B., Scofield, R. (eds) Protein Electrophoresis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 869. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-821-4_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-821-4_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-820-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-821-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols