Skip to main content

Animal Models

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Influenza Virus

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 865))

Abstract

Five well-established animal models in influenza research are discussed in a schematic fashion. Although there are clear parallels between these models, like viruses used, housing and handling conditions under biosafety conditions, routes of virus inoculation, sampling strategies, and necropsy techniques (mostly elaborated on in Subheading 4), each of these models involves specific differences in their practical applicability that need thorough assessment depending on the scientific question raised. In other words, there is no universal animal model for influenza and depending on the actual question to be answered the model and the experimental conditions should be carefully selected.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Herfst, S., Chutinimitkul, S., Ye, J., de Wit, E., Munster, V.J., Schrauwen, E.J., Bestebroer, T.M., Jonges, M., Meijer, A., Koopmans, M., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Osterhaus, A.D., Perez, D.R. and Fouchier, R.A. (2010) Introduction of virulence markers in PB2 of pandemic swine-origin influenza virus does not result in enhanced virulence or transmission. J. Virol. 84, 3752–3758.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Munster, V.J., de Wit, E., van Riel, D., Beyer, W.E., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Osterhaus, A.D., Kuiken, T. and Fouchier, R.A. (2007) The molecular basis of the pathogenicity of the Dutch highly pathogenic human influenza A H7N7 viruses. J. Infect. Dis. 196, 258–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. de Wit, E., Munster, V.J., Spronken, M.I., Bestebroer, T.M., Baas, C., Beyer, W.E., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Osterhaus, A.D. and Fouchier, R.A. (2005) Protection of mice against lethal infection with highly pathogenic H7N7 influenza A virus by using a recombinant low-pathogenicity vaccine strain. J. Virol. 79, 12401–12407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bodewes, R., Kreijtz, J.H., Baas, C., Geelhoed-Mieras, M.M., de Mutsert, G., van Amerongen, G., van den Brand, J.M., Fouchier, R.A., Osterhaus, A.D. and Rimmelzwaan, G.F. (2009) Vaccination against human influenza A/H3N2 virus prevents the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against lethal infection with avian influenza A/H5N1 virus. PLoS One 4, e5538.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kreijtz, J.H., Suezer, Y., de Mutsert, G., van Amerongen, G., Schwantes, A., van den Brand, J.M., Fouchier, R.A., Löwer, J., Osterhaus, A.D., Sutter, G. and Rimmelzwaan, G.F. (2009) MVA-based H5N1 vaccine affords cross-clade protection in mice against influenza A/H5N1 viruses at low doses and after single immunization. PLoS One 4, e7790.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kreijtz, J.H., Bodewes, R., van den Brand, J.M., de Mutsert, G., Baas, C., van Amerongen, G., Fouchier, R.A., Osterhaus, A.D. and Rimmelzwaan, G.F. (2009) Infection of mice with a human influenza A/H3N2 virus induces protective immunity against lethal infection with influenza A/H5N1 virus. Vaccine 27, 4983–4989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kreijtz, J.H., Suezer, Y., van Amerongen, G., de Mutsert, G., Schnierle, B.S., Wood, J.M., Kuiken, T., Fouchier, R.A., Lower, J., Osterhaus, A.D., Sutter, G. and Rimmelzwaan, G.F. (2007) Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based vaccine induces protective immunity in mice against infection with influenza virus H5N1. J. Infect. Dis. 195, 1598–1606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kreijtz, J.H., Bodewes, R., van Amerongen, G., Kuiken, T., Fouchier, R.A., Osterhaus, A.D. and Rimmelzwaan, G.F. (2007) Primary influenza A virus infection induces cross-protective immunity against a lethal infection with a heterosubtypic virus strain in mice. Vaccine 25, 612–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bodewes, R., Kreijtz, J.H., van Amerongen, G., Geelhoed-Mieras, M.M., Verburgh, R.J., Heldens, J.G., Bedwell, J., van den Brand, J.M., Kuiken, T., van Baalen, C.A., Fouchier, R.A., Osterhaus, A.D. and Rimmelzwaan, G.F. (2010) A single immunization with CoVaccine HT-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine induces protective cellular and humoral immune responses in ferrets. J. Virol. 84, 7943–7953.

    Google Scholar 

  10. van den Brand, J.M., Stittelaar, K.J., van Amerongen, G., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Simon, J., de Wit, E., Munster, V., Bestebroer, T., Fouchier, R.A., Kuiken, T. and Osterhaus, A.D. (2010) Severity of pneumonia due to new H1N1 influenza virus in ferrets is intermediate between that due to seasonal H1N1 virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. J. Infect. Dis. 201, 993–999.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Friesen, R.H., Koudstaal, W., Koldijk, M.H., Weverling, G.J., Brakenhoff, J.P., Lenting, P.J., Stittelaar, K.J., Osterhaus, A.D., Kompier, R. and Goudsmit, J. (2010) New class of monoclonal antibodies against severe influenza: prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in ferrets. PLoS One 5, e9106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Munster, V.J., de Wit, E., van den Brand, J.M., Herfst, S., Schrauwen, E.J., Bestebroer, T.M., van de Vijver, D., Boucher, C.A., Koopmans, M., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Kuiken, T., Osterhaus, A.D. and Fouchier, R.A. (2009) Pathogenesis and transmission of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus in ferrets. Science 325, 481–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kreijtz, J.H., Suezer, Y., de Mutsert, G., van den Brand, J.M., van Amerongen, G., Schnierle, B.S., Kuiken, T., Fouchier, R.A., Löwer, J., Osterhaus, A.D., Sutter, G. and Rimmelzwaan, G.F. (2009) Preclinical evaluation of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine against influenza A/H5N1 viruses. Vaccine 27, 6296–6299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Baras, B., Stittelaar, K.J., Simon, J.H., Thoolen, R.J., Mossman, S.P., Pistoor, F.H., van Amerongen, G., Wettendorff, M.A., Hanon, E. and Osterhaus, A.D. (2008) Cross-protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in ferrets with an adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine. PLoS One 3, e1401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kreijtz, J.H., Suezer, Y., de Mutsert, G., van den Brand, J.M., van Amerongen, G., Schnierle, B.S., Kuiken, T., Fouchier, R.A., Löwer, J., Osterhaus, A.D., Sutter, G. and Rimmelzwaan, G.F. (2009) Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the hemagglutinin gene confers protection against homologous and heterologous H5N1 influenza virus infections in macaques. J. Infect. Dis. 199, 405–413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Stittelaar, K.J., Tisdale, M., van Amerongen, G., van Lavieren, R.F., Pistoor,F., Simon, J. and Osterhaus, A.D. (2008) Evaluation of intravenous zanamivir against experimental influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in cynomolgus macaques. Antiviral Res. 80, 225–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kuiken, T., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Van Amerongen, G. and Osterhaus A.D. (2003) Pathology of human influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Vet. Pathol. 40, 304–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Kuiken, T., van Amerongen, G., Bestebroer, T.M., Fouchier, R.A. and Osterhaus A.D. (2001) Pathogenesis of influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in a primate model. J. Virol. 75, 6687–6691.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Baars, M., van Amerongen, G., van Beek, R. and Osterhaus, A.D. (2001) A single dose of an ISCOM influenza vaccine induces long-lasting protective immunity against homologous challenge infection but fails to protect Cynomolgus macaques against distant drift variants of influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Vaccine 20, 158–163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Baars, M., van Beek, R., van Amerongen, G., Lövgren-Bengtsson, K., Claas, E.C. and Osterhaus, A.D. (1997) Induction of protective immunity against influenza virus in a macaque model: comparison of conventional and iscom vaccines. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 757–765.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lowen, A.C., Mubareka, S., Tumpey, T.M., García-Sastre, A. and Palese P. (2006) The guinea pig as a transmission model for human influenza viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 9988–9992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kwon, Y.K., Lipatov, A.S. and Swayne, D.E. (2009) Bronchointerstitial pneumonia in guinea pigs following inoculation with H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Vet. Pathol. 46, 138–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Tang, X. and Chong, K.T. (2009) Histopathology and growth kinetics of influenza viruses (H1N1 and H3N2) in the upper and lower airways. J. Gen. Virol. 90, 386–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mubareka, S., Lowen, A.C., Steel, J., Coates, A.L., García-Sastre, A. and Palese, P. (2009) Transmission of influenza virus via aerosols and fomites in the guinea pig model. J. Infect. Dis. 199, 858–865.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lowen, A.C., Steel, J., Mubareka, S., Carnero, E., García-Sastre, A. and Palese, P. (2009) Blocking interhost transmission of influenza virus by vaccination in the guinea pig model. J. Virol. 83, 2803–2818.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Van Hoeven, N., Belser, J.A., Szretter, K.J., Zeng, H., Staeheli, P., Swayne, D.E., Katz, J.M. and Tumpey, T.M. (2009) Pathogenesis of 1918 pandemic and H5N1 influenza virus infections in a guinea pig model: antiviral potential of exogenous alpha interferon to reduce virus shedding. J Virol. 83, 2851–2861.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Steel, J., Lowen, A.C., Mubareka, S. and Palese, P. (2009) Transmission of influenza virus in a mammalian host is increased by PB2 amino acids 627K or 627E/701N. PLoS Pathog. 5, e1000252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lowen, A.C., Mubareka, S., Steel, J. and Palese, P. (2007) Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature. PLoS Pathog. 3, 1470–1476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ottolini, M.G., Blanco, J.C., Eichelberger, M.C., Porter, D.D., Pletneva, L., Richardson, J.Y. and Prince, G.A. (2005) The cotton rat provides a useful small-animal model for the study of influenza virus pathogenesis. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 2823–2830.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Itoh, Y., Shinya, K., Kiso, M., Watanabe, T., Sakoda, Y., Hatta, M., Muramoto, Y., Tamura, D., Sakai-Tagawa, Y., Noda, T., Sakabe, S., Imai, M., Hatta, Y., Watanabe, S., Li, C., Yamada, S., Fujii, K., Murakami, S., Imai, H., Kakugawa, S., Ito, M., Takano, R., Iwatsuki-Horimoto, K., Shimojima, M., Horimoto, T., Goto, H., Takahashi, K., Makino, A., Ishigaki, H., Nakayama, M., Okamatsu, M., Takahashi, K., Warshauer, D., Shult, P.A., Saito, R., Suzuki, H., Furuta, Y., Yamashita, M., Mitamura, K., Nakano, K., Nakamura, M., Brockman-Schneider, R., Mitamura, H., Yamazaki, M., Sugaya, N., Suresh, M., Ozawa, M., Neumann, G., Gern, J., Kida, H., Ogasawara, K. and Kawaoka, Y. (2009) In vitro and in vivo characterization of new swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses. Nature 460, 1021–1025.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lange, E., Kalthoff, D., Blohm, U., Teifke, J.P., Breithaupt, A., Maresch, C., Starick, E., Fereidouni, S., Hoffmann, B., Mettenleiter, T.C., Beer, M. and Vahlenkamp, T.W. (2009) Pathogenesis and transmission of the novel swine-origin influenza virus A/H1N1 after experimental infection of pigs. J. Gen. Virol. 90, 2119–2123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lipatov, A.S., Kwon, Y.K., Sarmento, L.V., Lager, K.M., Spackman, E., Suarez, D.L. and Swayne, D.E. (2008) Domestic pigs have low susceptibility to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Seo, S.H., Webby, R. and Webster, R.G. (2004) No apoptotic deaths and different levels of inductions of inflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages infected with influenza viruses. Virology 329, 270–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Murphy, B.R., Park, E.J., Gottlieb, P. and Subbarao, K. (1997) An influenza A live attenuated reassortant virus possessing three temperature-sensitive mutations in the PB2 polymerase gene rapidly loses temperature sensitivity following replication in hamsters. Vaccine 15, 1372–1378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kuiken, T., Rimmelzwaan, G., van Riel, D., van Amerongen, G., Baars, M., Fouchier, R. and Osterhaus, A. (2004) Avian H5N1 influenza in cats. Science 306, 241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Rimmelzwaan, G.F., van Riel, D., Baars, M., Bestebroer, T.M., van Amerongen, G., Fouchier, R.A., Osterhaus, A.D. and Kuiken, T. (2006) Influenza A virus (H5N1) infection in cats causes systemic disease with potential novel routes of virus spread within and between hosts. Am. J. Pathol. 168, 176–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Munster, V.J., Schrauwen, E.J., de Wit, E., van den Brand, J.M., Bestebroer, T.M., Herfst, S., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Osterhaus, A.D. and Fouchier, R.A. (2010) Insertion of a multi basic cleavage motif into the hemagglutinin of a low pathogenic avian influenza H6N1 virus induces a highly pathogenic phenotype. J. Virol. 84, 7953–7960.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Claas, E.C., van Amerongen, G., de Jong, J.C. and Osterhaus, A.D. (1999) ISCOM vaccine induced protection against a lethal challenge with a human H5N1 influenza virus. Vaccine 17, 1355–1358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Latorre-Margalef, N., Gunnarsson, G., Munster, V.J., Fouchier, R.A., Osterhaus, A.D., Elmberg, J., Olsen, B., Wallensten, A., Haemig, P.D., Fransson, T., Brudin, L. and Waldenström, J. (2009) Effects of influenza A virus infection on migrating mallard ducks. Proc. Biol. Sci. 276, 1029–1036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Keawcharoen, J., van Riel, D., van Amerongen, G., Bestebroer, T., Beyer, W.E., van Lavieren, R., Osterhaus, A.D., Fouchier, R.A. and Kuiken, T. (2008) Wild ducks as long-distance vectors of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 600–607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rowe, T., León, A.J., Crevar, C.J., Carter, D.M., Xu, L., Ran, L., Fang,Y., Cameron, C.M., Cameron, M,J., Banner, D., Ng, D.C., Ran, R., Weirback, H.K., Wiley, C.A., Kelvin, D.J. and Ross, T.M. (2010) Modeling host responses in ferrets during A/California/07/2009 influenza infection. Virology 401, 257–265.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Seo, S.H., Peiris, M. and Webster, R.G. (2002) Protective cross-reactive cellular immunity to lethal A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96-like H5N1 influenza virus is correlated with the proportion of pulmonary CD8(+) T cells expressing gamma interferon. J. Virol. 76, 4886–4890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Baars, M., Claas, E.C. and Osterhaus, A.D. (1998) Comparison of RNA hybridization, hemagglutination assay, titration of infectious virus and immunofluorescence as methods for monitoring influenza virus replication in vitro. J. Virol. Methods 74, 57–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Karber, G. (1931) Beitrag zur kollektiven behandlung pharmakologischer reihenversuche. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 162, 480–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Reed, L.J. and Muench, H. (1938) A simple method for estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am. J. Hyg. 27, 493–497.

    Google Scholar 

  46. de Wit, E., Spronken, M.I., Bestebroer, T.M., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Osterhaus, A.D. and Fouchier, R.A. (2004) Efficient generation and growth of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 from eight cDNA fragments. Virus Res. 103, 155–161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Herfst, S., van den Brand, J.M., Schrauwen, E.J.M., de Wit, E., Munster, V.J., van Amerongen, A., Linster, M., Zaaraoui, F., van IJken, W.F.J., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Osterhaus A.D.M.E., Fouchier, R.A.M., Andeweg, A.C. and Kuiken, T. (2010) Pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus causes diffuse alveolar damage in cynomolgus macaques. Vet. Pathol. 47, 1040–1047.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Porter, H.G., Porter, D.D. and Larsen, A.E. (1982) Aleutian disease in ferrets. Infect. Immun. 36, 379–386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Philippa, J., Baas, C., Beyer, W., Bestebroer, T., Fouchier, R., Smith, D., Schaftenaar, W. and Osterhaus, A. (2007) Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in zoos using an adjuvanted inactivated H5N2 vaccine. Vaccine 25, 3800–3008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kuiken, T., van den Brand, J., Pantin-Jackwood, M. and Swayne, D.E. (2010) Comparative Pathology of Select Agent Influenza A Virus Infections. Vet. Pathol. 47, 893–914.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Bodewes, R., Rimmelzwaan, G.F. and Osterhaus A.D. (2010) Animal models for the preclinical evaluation of candidate influenza vaccines. Expert Rev. Vaccines 9, 59–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Kroeze, E.J.B.V., Kuiken, T., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (2012). Animal Models. In: Kawaoka, Y., Neumann, G. (eds) Influenza Virus. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 865. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-621-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-621-0_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-620-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-621-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics