Skip to main content

Influenza Viruses: An Introduction

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 865))

Abstract

We provide a brief introduction into the genome organization, life cycle, pathogenicity, and host range of influenza A viruses. We also briefly summarize influenza pandemics and currently available measures to control influenza virus outbreaks, including vaccines and antiviral compounds to influenza viruses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Bright RA, Medina MJ, Xu X et al.(2005) Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern. Lancet 366: 1175–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bright RA, Shay DK, Shu B, Cox NJ, Klimov AI(2006) Adamantane resistance among influenza A viruses isolated early during the 2005–2006 influenza season in the United States. Jama 295: 891–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Chen W, Calvo PA, Malide D et al.(2001) A novel influenza A virus mitochondrial protein that induces cell death. Nat Med 7: 1306–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Claas EC, de Jong JC, Van Beek R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD(1998) Human influenza virus A/HongKong/156/97 (H5N1) infection. Vaccine 16: 977–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Claas EC, Osterhaus AD, Van Beek R et al.(1998) Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet 351: 472–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Conenello GM, Zamarin D, Perrone LA, Tumpey T, Palese P(2007) A single mutation in the PB1-F2 of H5N1 (HK/97) and 1918 influenza A viruses contributes to increased virulence. PLoS Pathog 3: 1414–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. de Jong JC, Claas EC, Osterhaus AD, Webster RG, Lim WL(1997) A pandemic warning? Nature 389: 554.

    Google Scholar 

  8. de Jong MD, Tran TT, Truong HK et al.(2005) Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection. N Engl J Med 353: 2667–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Garcia-Sastre A(2001) Inhibition of interferon-mediated antiviral responses by influenza A viruses and other negative-strand RNA viruses. Virology 279: 375–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Garcia-Sastre A, Durbin RK, Zheng H et al.(1998) The role of interferon in influenza virus tissue tropism. J Virol 72: 8550–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Garcia-Sastre A, Egorov A, Matassov D et al.(1998) Influenza A virus lacking the NS1 gene replicates in interferon-deficient systems. Virology 252: 324–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA et al.(2009) Antigenic and Genetic Characteristics of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Viruses Circulating in Humans. Science 325: 197–201.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Garten W, Klenk HD(1999) Understanding influenza virus pathogenicity. Trends Microbiol 7: 99–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Geiss GK, Salvatore M, Tumpey TM et al.(2002) Cellular transcriptional profiling in influenza A virus-infected lung epithelial cells: the role of the nonstructural NS1 protein in the evasion of the host innate defense and its potential contribution to pandemic influenza. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 10736–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Guo Z, Chen LM, Zeng H et al.(2007) NS1 protein of influenza A virus inhibits the function of intracytoplasmic pathogen sensor, RIG-I. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 36: 263–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y(2001) Molecular Basis for High Virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 Influenza A Viruses. Science 293: 1840–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hatta M, Hatta Y, Kim JH et al.(2007) Growth of H5N1 influenza A viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice. PLoS Pathog 3: 1374–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ito T, Kawaoka Y(2000) Host-range barrier of influenza A viruses. Vet Microbiol 74: 71–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Itoh Y, Shinya K, Kiso M et al.(2009) In vitro and in vivo characterization of new swine-­origin H1N1 influenza viruses. Nature 460: 1021–5.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S et al.(2006) Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature 441: 101–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Katze MG, He Y, Gale M(2002) Viruses and interferon: A fight for supremacy. Nat Rev Immunol 2: 675–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kawaoka Y, Krauss S, Webster RG(1989) Avian-to-human transmission of the PB1 gene of influenza A viruses in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. J Virol 63: 4603–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kobasa D, Takada A, Shinya K et al.(2004) Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus. Nature 431: 703–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Krug RM, Yuan W, Noah DL, Latham AG(2003) Intracellular warfare between human influenza viruses and human cells: the roles of the viral NS1 protein. Virology 309: 181–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Le QM, Kiso M, Someya K et al.(2005) Avian flu: isolation of drug-resistant H5N1 virus. Nature 437: 1108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. McAuley JL, Hornung F, Boyd KL et al.(2007) Expression of the 1918 influenza A virus PB1-F2 enhances the pathogenesis of viral and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Cell Host Microbe 2: 240–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mibayashi M, Martinez-Sobrido L, Loo YM, Cardenas WB, Gale M, Jr., Garcia-Sastre A(2007) Inhibition of retinoic acid-inducible gene I-mediated induction of beta interferon by the NS1 protein of influenza A virus. J Virol 81: 514–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Min JY, Krug RM(2006) The primary function of RNA binding by the influenza A virus NS1 protein in infected cells: Inhibiting the 2’-5’ oligo (A) synthetase/RNase L pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 7100–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Investigation Team (2009) Emergence of a Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Humans. N Engl J Med. 360: 2605–15.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Opitz B, Rejaibi A, Dauber B et al.(2007) IFNbeta induction by influenza A virus is mediated by RIG-I which is regulated by the viral NS1 protein. Cell Microbiol 9: 930–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Palese P, Shaw M(2007) Orthomyxoviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Straus SE, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 1647–89.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pappas C, Aguilar PV, Basler CF et al.(2008) Single gene reassortants identify a critical role for PB1, HA, and NA in the high virulence of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 3064–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Pichlmair A, Schulz O, Tan CP et al.(2006) RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses to single-stranded RNA bearing 5’-phosphates. Science 314: 997–1001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Poland GA, Jacobson RM, Ovsyannikova IG(2009) Influenza virus resistance to antiviral agents: a plea for rational use. Clin Infect Dis 48: 1254–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Scholtissek C, Rohde W, Von Hoyningen V, Rott R(1978) On the origin of the human influenza virus subtypes H2N2 and H3N2. Virology 87: 13–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Subbarao K, Klimov A, Katz J et al.(1998) Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science 279: 393–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Tumpey TM, Basler CF, Aguilar PV et al.(2005) Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus. Science 310: 77–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Tumpey TM, Garcia-Sastre A, Mikulasova A et al.(2002) Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 13849–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Tumpey TM, Garcia-Sastre A, Taubenberger JK, Palese P, Swayne DE, Basler CF(2004) Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 3166–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Van Hoeven N, Pappas C, Belser JA et al.(2009) Human HA and polymerase subunit PB2 proteins confer transmission of an avian influenza virus through the air. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 3366–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Watanabe T, Watanabe S, Shinya K, Kim JH, Hatta M, Kawaoka Y(2009) Viral RNA polymerase complex promotes optimal growth of 1918 virus in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 588–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wright PF, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y(2007) Orthomyxoviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Straus SE, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Willams and Wilkins, pp. 1691–1740.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yoshihiro Kawaoka .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Kawaoka, Y., Neumann, G. (2012). Influenza Viruses: An Introduction. In: Kawaoka, Y., Neumann, G. (eds) Influenza Virus. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 865. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-621-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-621-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-620-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-621-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics