Abstract
In this chapter, practical concepts and guidelines are provided for the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for the refinement of homology models. First, an overview of the history and a theoretical background of MD are given. Literature examples of successful MD refinement of homology models are reviewed before selecting the Cytochrome P450 2J2 structure as a case study. We describe the setup of a system for classical MD simulation in a detailed stepwise fashion and how to perform the refinement described in the publication of Li et al. (Proteins 71:938–949, 2008). This tutorial is based on version 11 of the AMBER Molecular Dynamics software package (http://ambermd.org/). However, the approach discussed is equally applicable to any condensed phase MD simulation environment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Becker, O. M. (2001) Computational biochemistry and biophysics CRC, New York.
Cramer, C. J. (2004) Essentials of computational chemistry: theories and models John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York.
McCammon, J. A., Gelin, B. R., and Karplus, M. (1977) Dynamics of folded proteins, Nature 267, 585–590.
Duan, Y. and Kollman, P. (1998) Pathways to a protein folding intermediate observed in a 1-microsecond simulation in aqueous solution, Science 282, 740–744.
Yeh, I. C. and Hummer, G. (2002) Peptide loop-closure kinetics from microsecond molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent, J. Am. Chem. Soc 124, 6563–6568.
Klepeis, J. L., Lindorff-Larsen, K., Dror, R. O., and Shaw, D. E. (2009) Long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations of protein structure and function, Current opinion in structural biology 19, 120–127.
Sanbonmatsu, K. Y., Joseph, S., and Tung, C. S. (2005) Simulating movement of tRNA into the ribosome during decoding, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 15854–15859.
Freddolino, P. L., Arkhipov, A. S., Larson, S. B., McPherson, A., and Schulten, K. (2006) Molecular dynamics simulations of the complete satellite tobacco mosaic virus, Structure 14, 437–449.
Simmerling, C., Strockbine, B., and Roitberg, A. E. (2002) All-atom structure prediction and folding simulations of a stable protein, J. Am. Chem. Soc 124, 11258–11259.
Lei, H., Wu, C., Liu, H., and Duan, Y. (2007) Folding free-energy landscape of villin headpiece subdomain from molecular dynamics simulations, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 4925–4930.
He, Y., Chen, C., and Xiao, Y. (2009) United-Residue (UNRES) Langevin Dynamics Simulations of trpzip2 Folding, Journal of Computational Biology 16, 1719–1730.
Larsson, P., Wallner, B., Lindahl, E., and Elofsson, A. (2008) Using multiple templates to improve quality of homology models in automated homology modeling, Protein Science 17, 990–1002.
Krieger, E., Joo, K., Lee, J., Lee, J., Raman, S., Thompson, J., Tyka, M., Baker, D., and Karplus, K. (2009) Improving physical realism, stereochemistry, and side-chain accuracy in homology modeling: Four approaches that performed well in CASP8, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 77, 114–122.
Xiang, Z. (2006) Advances in homology protein structure modeling, Current protein & peptide science 7, 217–227.
Stumpff-Kane, A. W., Maksimiak, K., Lee, M. S., and Feig, M. (2008) Sampling of near-native protein conformations during protein structure refinement using a coarse-grained model, normal modes, and molecular dynamics simulations, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 70, 1345–1356.
Xu. D, Williamson. M J, Walker. R C. (2010) Advancements in Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Biomolecules on Graphical Processing Units, in Ann.Rep.Comp.Chem 6, pp 2–19.
Koehler, M., Ruckenbauer, M., Janciak, I., Benkner, S., Lischka, H., and Gansterer, W. (2010) Supporting Molecular Modeling Workflows within a Grid Services Cloud, Computational Science and Its Applications, ICCSA 2010 13–28.
Krieger, E., Joo, K., Lee, J., Lee, J., Raman, S., Thompson, J., Tyka, M., Baker, D., and Karplus, K. (2009) Improving physical realism, stereochemistry, and side-chain accuracy in homology modeling: Four approaches that performed well in CASP8, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 77, 114–122.
Kryshtafovych, A., Fidelis, K., and Moult, J. (2009) CASP PROGRESS REPORTS, Proteins 77, 217–228.
Fan, H. and Mark, A. E. (2004) Refinement of homology based protein structures by molecular dynamics simulation techniques, Protein Science 13, 211–220.
Berendsen, H. J. C., van der Spoel, D., and Van Drunen, R. (1995) GROMACS: a message-passing parallel molecular dynamics implementation, Computer Physics Communications 91, 43–56.
Lindahl, E., Hess, B., and van der Spoel, D. (2001) GROMACS 3.0: a package for molecular simulation and trajectory analysis, Journal of Molecular Modeling 7, 306–317.
Berendsen, H. J. C., Postma, J. P. M., van Gunsteren, W. F., and Hermans, J. (1981) Interaction models for water in relation to protein hydration, Intermolecular forces 331–342.
Im, W., Lee, M. S., and Brooks III, C. L. (2003) Generalized born model with a simple smoothing function, Journal of Computational Chemistry 24, 1691–1702.
Chopra, G., Summa, C. M., and Levitt, M. (2008) Solvent dramatically affects protein structure refinement, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 20239–20244.
Chen, J. and Brooks III, C. L. (2007) Can molecular dynamics simulations provide high resolution refinement of protein structure?, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 67, 922–930.
Anishkin, A., Milac, A. L., and Guy, H. R. (2010) Symmetry-restrained molecular dynamics simulations improve homology models of potassium channels, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 78, 932–949.
Phillips, J. C., Braun, R., Wang, W., Gumbart, J., Tajkhorshid, E., Villa, E., Chipot, C., Skeel, R. D., Kale, L., and Schulten, K. (2005) Scalable molecular dynamics with NAMD, Journal of Computational Chemistry 26, 1781–1802.
Wroblewska, L. and Skolnick, J. (2007) Can a physics based, all atom potential find a protein’s native structure among misfolded structures? I. Large scale AMBER benchmarking, Journal of Computational Chemistry 28, 2059–2066.
Krieger, E., Koraimann, G., and Vriend, G. (2002) Increasing the precision of comparative models with YASARA NOVA - a self parameterizing force field, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 47, 393–402.
Cavasotto, C. N. and Phatak, S. S. (2009) Homology modeling in drug discovery: current trends and applications, Drug discovery today 14, 676–683.
Klepeis, J. L., Lindorff-Larsen, K., Dror, R. O., and Shaw, D. E. (2009) Long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations of protein structure and function, Current opinion in structural biology 19, 120–127.
Floquet, N., M’Kadmi, C., Perahia, D., Gagne, D., Berge,⋅G., Marie, J., Baneres, J. L., Galleyrand, J. C., Fehrentz, J. A., and Martinez, J. (2010) Activation of the ghrelin receptor is described by a privileged collective motion: a model for constitutive and agonist-induced activation of a sub-class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), Journal of molecular biology 395, 769–784.
Zhang, Y., Sham, Y. Y., Rajamani, R., Gao, J., and Portoghese, P. S. (2005) Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of the mu opioid receptor in a membraneûaqueous system, Chembiochem 6, 853–859.
Aarts, E. H. L. and Van Laarhoven, P. J. M. (1985) Statistical cooling: A general approach to combinatorial optimization problems, Philips J. Res. 40, 193–226.
Meng, X. Y., Zheng, Q. C., and Zhang, H. X. (2009) A comparative analysis of binding sites between mouse CYP2C38 and CYP2C39 based on homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation and docking studies, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins & Proteomics 1794, 1066–1072.
Speranskiy, K., Cascio, M., and Kurnikova, M. (2007) Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of the glycine receptor ligand binding domain, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 67, 950–960.
Sugita, Y. and Okamoto, Y. (1999) Replica-exchange molecular dynamics method for protein folding, Chemical Physics Letters 314, 141–151.
Zhu, J., Fan, H., Periole, X., Honig, B., and Mark, A. E. (2008) Refining homology models by combining replica exchange molecular dynamics and statistical potentials, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 72, 1171–1188.
Nguyen, T. L., Gussio, R., Smith, J. A., Lannigan, D. A., Hecht, S. M., Scudiero, D. A., Shoemaker, R. H., and Zaharevitz, D. W. (2006) Homology model of RSK2 N-terminal kinase domain, structure-based identification of novel RSK2 inhibitors, and preliminary common pharmacophore, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 14, 6097–6105.
Case, D. A., Darden, T., Cheatham III, T. E., Simmerling, C., Wang, J., Duke, R. E., Luo, R., Walker, R. C., Zhang, W., Merz, K. M., B.Roberts, B.Wang, S.Hayik, A.Roitberg, G.Seabra, I.Kolossváry, K.F.Wong, F.Paesani, , J. V., J.Liu, X.Wu, , S. R. B., T.Steinbrecher, H.Gohlke, Q.Cai, X.Ye, J.Wang, M.-J.Hsieh, G.Cui, D.R.Roe, D.H.Mathews, , M. G. S., C.Sagui, V.Babin, T.Luchko, S.Gusarov, and , A. K. (2010) Amber 11, University of California (San Francisco).
Brooks, B. R., Bruccoleri, R. E., and Olafson, B. D. (1983) CHARMM: A program for macromolecular energy, minimization, and dynamics calculations, Journal of Computational Chemistry 4, 187–217.
Plimpton, S. (1995) Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics, Journal of Computational Physics 117, 1–19.
Cornell, W. D., Cieplak, P., Bayly, C. I., Gould, I. R., Merz, K. M., Ferguson, D. M., Spellmeyer, D. C., Fox, T., Caldwell, J. W., and Kollman, P. A. (1995) A second generation force field for the simulation of proteins, nucleic acids, and organic molecules, Journal of the American Chemical Society 117, 5179–5197.
Wickstrom, L., Okur, A., and Simmerling, C. (2009) Evaluating the performance of the ff99SB force field based on NMR scalar coupling data, Biophysical journal 97, 853–856.
Holtje, H. D., Sippl, W., Rognan, D., and Folkers G. (2008) Molecular modeling: basic principles and applications WILEY-VCH, Weinheim.
Verlet, L. (1968) Computer experiments on classical fluids. ii. equilibrium correlation functions, Phys. Rev 165, 201–214.
Honeycutt, R. W. (1970) The potential calculation and some applications, Methods in Computational Physics 9, 136–211.
Grenander, U. (1959) Probability and statistics: the Harald Cramer volume Almqvist & Wiksell.
Ryckaert, J. P., Ciccotti, G., and Berendsen, H. J. C. (1977) Numerical integration of the Cartesian equations of motion of a system with constraints: molecular dynamics of n-alkanes, J. comput. Phys 23, 327–341.
Wyss, P. C., Gerber, P., Hartman, P. G., Hubschwerlen, C., Locher, H., Marty, H. P., and Stahl, M. (2003) Novel dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Structure-based versus diversity-based library design and high-throughput synthesis and screening, J. Med. Chem 46, 2304–2312.
Bortolato, A., Mobarec, J. C., Provasi, D., and Filizola, M. (2009) Progress in elucidating the structural and dynamic character of G Protein-Coupled Receptor oligomers for use in drug discovery, Current pharmaceutical design 15, 4017–4025.
Costanzi, S., Siegel, J., Tikhonova, I. G., and Jacobson, K. A. (2009) Rhodopsin and the others: a historical perspective on structural studies of G protein-coupled receptors, Current pharmaceutical design 15, 3994–4002.
Mobarec, J. C. and Filizola, M. (2008) Advances in the development and application of computational methodologies for structural modeling of G-protein-coupled receptors, Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 3, 343–355.
Valadez, E., Ulloa-Aguirre, A., and Pin eiro, A. (2008) Modeling and molecular dynamics simulation of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in a lipid bilayer, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112, 10704–10713.
Yarnitzky, T., Levit, A., and Niv, M. Y. (2010) Homology modeling of G-protein-coupled receptors with X-ray structures on the rise, Current opinion in drug discovery & development 13, 317–325.
Nebert, D. W. and Russell, D. W. (2002) Clinical importance of the cytochromes P450, The Lancet 360, 1155–1162.
Sali, A., Potterton, L., Yuan, F., van Vlijmen, H., and Karplus, M. (1995) Evaluation of comparative protein modeling by MODELLER, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 23, 318–326.
Dauber-Osguthrop, P., Roberts, V. A., Osguthorpe, D. J., Wolff, J., Genest, M., and Hagler, A. T. (1988) Structure and energetics of ligand binding to proteins: Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase trimethoprim, a drug receptor system, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 4, 31–47.
Jorgensen, W. L., Chandrasekhar, J., Madura, J. D., Impey, R. W., and Klein, M. L. (1983) Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water, The Journal of chemical physics 79, 926–935.
Meng, X. Y., Zheng, Q. C., and Zhang, H. X. (2009) A comparative analysis of binding sites between mouse CYP2C38 and CYP2C39 based on homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation and docking studies, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins & Proteomics 1794, 1066–1072.
Venkatachalam, C. M., Jiang, X., Oldfield, T., and Waldman, M. (2003) LigandFit: a novel method for the shape-directed rapid docking of ligands to protein active sites, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 21, 289–307.
Gajendrarao, P., Krishnamoorthy, N., Sakkiah, S., Lazar, P., and Lee, K. W. (2010) Molecular modeling study on orphan human protein CYP4A22 for identification of potential ligand binding site, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 28, 524–532.
Houslay, M. D., Schafer, P., and Zhang, K. Y. J. (2005) Keynote review: phosphodiesterase-4 as a therapeutic target, Drug discovery today 10, 1503–1519.
Pandit, J., Forman, M. D., Fennell, K. F., Dillman, K. S., and Menniti, F. S. (2009) Mechanism for the allosteric regulation of phosphodiesterase 2A deduced from the X-ray structure of a near full-length construct, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 18225–18230.
Heller, H., Schaefer, M., and Schulten, K. (1993) Molecular dynamics simulation of a bilayer of 200 lipids in the gel and in the liquid crystal phase, The Journal of Physical Chemistry 97, 8343–8360.
Hamza, A., AbdulHameed, M. D. M., and Zhan, C. G. (2008) Understanding microscopic binding of human microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 with substrates and inhibitors by molecular modeling and dynamics simulation, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112, 7320–7329.
Hamza, A. and Zhan, C. G. (2009) Determination of the Structure of Human Phosphodiesterase-2 in a Bound State and Its Binding with Inhibitors by Molecular Modeling, Docking, and Dynamics Simulation, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 113, 2896–2908.
Singh, N., Avery, M. A., and McCurdy, C. R. (2007) Toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis DXR inhibitor design: homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 21, 511–522.
Guex, N. and Peitsch, M. C. (1997) SWISS MODEL and the Swiss Pdb Viewer: an environment for comparative protein modeling, Electrophoresis 18, 2714–2723.
Kiefer, F., Arnold, K., Kunzli, M., Bordoli, L., and Schwede, T. (2009) The SWISS-MODEL Repository and associated resources, Nucleic acids research 37, D387–D392.
Verdonk, M. L., Cole, J. C., Hartshorn, M. J., Murray, C. W., and Taylor, R. D. (2003) Improved proteinûligand docking using GOLD, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 52, 609–623.
Daga, P. R., Duan, J., and Doerksen, R. J. (2010) Computational model of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase: Molecular dynamics and docking to understand resistant mutations, Protein Science 19, 796–807.
Serrano, M. L., Perez, H. A., and Medina, J. D. (2006) Structure of C-terminal fragment of merozoite surface protein-1 from Plasmodium vivax determined by homology modeling and molecular dynamics refinement, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 14, 8359–8365.
Li, W., Tang, Y., Liu, H., Cheng, J., Zhu, W., and Jiang, H. (2008) Probing ligand binding modes of human cytochrome P450 2J2 by homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, and flexible molecular docking, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 71, 938–949.
Humphrey, W., Dalke, A., and Schulten, K. (1996) VMD: visual molecular dynamics, Journal of molecular graphics 14, 33–38.
Pettersen, E. F., Goddard, T. D., Huang, C. C., Couch, G. S., Greenblatt, D. M., Meng, E. C., and Ferrin, T. E. (2004) UCSF Chimera-a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis, Journal of Computational Chemistry 25, 1605–1612.
Izaguirre, J. A., Catarello, D. P., Wozniak, J. M., and Skeel, R. D. (2001) Langevin stabilization of molecular dynamics, The Journal of chemical physics 114, 2090–2099.
Still, W. C., Tempczyk, A., Hawley, R. C., and Hendrickson, T. (1990) Semianalytical treatment of solvation for molecular mechanics and dynamics, Journal of the American Chemical Society 112, 6127–6129.
Darden, T., York, D., and Pedersen, L. (1993) Particle mesh Ewald: An N log (N) method for Ewald sums in large systems, The Journal of chemical physics 98, 10089–10092.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by grant 09-LR-06-117792-WALR from the University of California Lab Fees program (RCW) and grant NSF1047875 from the US National Science Foundation (RCW). We additionally thank the NSF TeraGrid (award TG-MCB090110) for providing supercomputer time in support of this work. We would also like to thank Weihua Li and Yun Tang of the School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology for their fast response and willingness to share with us their P450 2J2 homology structure. We thank Pr. Pierre-Alain Carrupt (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne) for technical support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media,LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Nurisso, A., Daina, A., Walker, R.C. (2011). A Practical Introduction to Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Applications to Homology Modeling. In: Orry, A., Abagyan, R. (eds) Homology Modeling. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 857. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-588-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-588-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-587-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-588-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols