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Using Cell and Organ Culture Models to Analyze Responses of Bone Cells to Mechanical Stimulation

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Bone Research Protocols

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 816))

Abstract

Bone cells of the osteoblastic lineage are responsive to the local mechanical environment. Through integration of a number of possible loading-induced regulatory stimuli, osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast behaviour is organized to fashion a skeletal element of sufficient strength and toughness to resist fracture and crack propagation. Early pre-osteogenic responses had been determined in vivo and this led to the development of bone organ culture models to elucidate other pre-osteogenic responses where osteocytes and osteoblasts retain the natural orientation, connections and attachments to their native extracellular matrix. The application of physiological mechanical loads to bone in these organ culture models generates the regulatory stimuli. As a consequence, these experiments can be used to illustrate the distinctive mechanisms by which osteocytes and osteoblasts respond to mechanical loads and also differences in these responses, suggesting co-ordinated and cooperatively between cell populations. Organ explant cultures are awkward to maintain, and have a limited life, but length of culture times are improving. Monolayer cultures are much easier to maintain and permit the application of a particular mechanical stimulation to be studied in isolation; mainly direct mechanical strain or fluid shear strains. These allow for the response of a single cell type to the applied mechanical stimulation to be monitored precisely.

The techniques that can be used to apply mechanical strain to bone and bone cells have not advanced greatly since the first edition. The output from such experiments has, however, increased substantially and their importance is now more broadly accepted. This suggests a growing use of these approaches and an increasing awareness of the importance of the mechanical environment in controlling normal bone cell behaviour. We expand the text to include additions and modifications made to the straining apparatus and update the research cited to support this growing role of cell and organ culture models to analyze responses of bone cells to mechanical stimulation.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Arthritis Research UK, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, and The Wellcome Trust for their contribution to the work done in the laboratories of AAP. We would also like to thank Dr. Gul Zaman for his constructive and critical comments and Victoria Das-Gupta and Dominic Simon for their contributions to the original edition. We are also grateful to Prof. Lance Lanyon.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK

    Andrew A. Pitsillides

  2. Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Turner Street, London, UK

    Simon C. F. Rawlinson

Authors
  1. Andrew A. Pitsillides
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  2. Simon C. F. Rawlinson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew A. Pitsillides .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Forester Hill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom

    Miep H. Helfrich

  2. Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medi, Rheumatic Diseases Unit, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom

    Stuart H. Ralston

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© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

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Pitsillides, A.A., Rawlinson, S.C.F. (2012). Using Cell and Organ Culture Models to Analyze Responses of Bone Cells to Mechanical Stimulation. In: Helfrich, M., Ralston, S. (eds) Bone Research Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 816. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-415-5_37

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-415-5_37

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-414-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-415-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

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