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The Age of Protein Kinases

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Plant Kinases

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 779))

Abstract

Major progress has been made in unravelling of regulatory mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. Modification of target protein properties by reversible phosphorylation events has been found to be one of the most prominent cellular control processes in all organisms. The phospho-status of a protein is dynamically controlled by protein kinases and counteracting phosphatases. Therefore, monitoring of kinase and phosphatase activities, identification of specific phosphorylation sites, and assessment of their functional significance are of crucial importance to understand development and homeostasis. Recent advances in the area of molecular biology and biochemistry, for instance, mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics or fluorescence spectroscopical methods, open new possibilities to reach an unprecidented depth and a proteome-wide understanding of phosphorylation processes in plants and other species. In addition, the growing number of model species allows now deepening evolutionary insights into signal transduction cascades and the use of kinase/phosphatase systems. Thus, this is the age where we move from an understanding of the structure and function of individual protein modules to insights how these proteins are organized into pathways and networks. In this introductory chapter, we briefly review general definitions, methodology, and current concepts of the molecular mechanisms of protein kinase function as a foundation for this methods book. We briefly review biochemistry and structural biology of kinases and provide selected examples for the role of kinases in biological systems.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Karsten Niefind, Emily Mc Callum, and Anna Richter for critical reading and helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by an Action Thématique et Incitative sur Programme (ATIP) grant from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique to A.S.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Nico Dissmeyer

  2. Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Unité Propre de Recherche, Strasbourg, France

    Arp Schnittger

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  1. Nico Dissmeyer
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Correspondence to Nico Dissmeyer .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany

    Nico Dissmeyer

  2. rue du Général Zimmer 12, Strasbourg, F-67000, France

    Arp Schnittger

Appendix A

Appendix A

ABA:

Abscissic acid

AGC:

Group consisting of the cyclic nucleotide-dependent family (PKA, PKG), the PKC family and the ribosomal S6 kinase family

AHK2/3:

ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE 2/3

APC/C:

Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome

APK:

Atypical PK

βARK:

G-protein-coupled β-adrenergic RK

ATM:

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase

ATR:

Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase

BiFC:

Bimolecular fluorescence complementation

BR:

Brassinosteroid

BRI1:

BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 receptor kinase

Cak:

Cdk-activating kinase

CAKAK:

Cak-activating kinase

CaM:

Calmodulin

CaMII:

Ca2+/CaM-dependent kinase II

CaMK:

Ca2+/CaM-regulated kinase

CaMK:

Group consisting of CaMK interacting proteins and SNF1 proteins

CaMKK:

CAMK kinase

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

cAPK:

cAMP-dependent PK

Cdc:

Cell division control

Cdk:

Cyclin-dependent (protein) kinase

CDPK:

Ca2+-dependent PK/CaM-like domain PK

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

CK1/2:

Protein kinase 1/2, name derived from Casein Kinase 1/2

CKI1:

CYTOKININ-INSENSITIVE 1

CKL/CLK:

Cdk-like kinases

CLV1:

CLAVATA 1

CPK1:

Arabidopsis CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 1

CRE1:

CYTOKININ RESPONSE 1

CTR1:

CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE 1

DNA-PK:

DNA-dependent protein kinase

DSK:

Dual-specificity kinase

DYRK:

Dual-specificity Tyr-regulated kinase

EEF2K:

Elongation factor-2 (eEF-2) kinase

EF:

Elongation factor

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EIN4:

ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 4

EPK:

Eukaryotic PK

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK)

ERS1/2:

ETHYLENE SENSOR 1/2

ETR1/2:

ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1/2

GSK:

Glycogen synthase kinase

IRAK:

Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase

JAK/STAT:

Janus family of TK/signal transducer and activator of transcription

LAMMER:

Subfamily of kinases possessing a LAMMER (or related) amino acid sequence

LCK:

Lymphocyte-specific PTK

LRR:

Leucine-rich repeat

MAP2K:

MAPK kinase, MAP kinase kinase, MAPKK, now MEK in plants and MKK in Arabidopsis*

MAP3K:

MAP2K kinase, MAP kinase kinase kinase, MAPKKK, also known as MEKK*

MAP4K:

MAP3K kinase, MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase, MAPKKKK*

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated PK; now MPK in plants*

MAPKK:

MAPK kinase*

MAPKKK:

MAPKK kinase*

MEK:

MAP/ERK kinase, MAPKK, also known as MKK/MAP2K*

MEKK:

MEK kinase, MAPKKK, canonical MAP3K*

MHCK:

Myosin heavy chain kinase

Mik1:

Schizosaccharomyces pombe mitotic inhibitor kinase 1

MKK:

New name for Arabidopsis MEK/MAP2K/MAPKK*

MKK:

New name for Arabidopsis MAP2K*

MLK:

Mixed lineage kinase

MLK:

Mixed lineage kinase

MPK:

New name for Arabidopsis MAPK*

mTOR:

Molecular target of rapamycin

Myt1:

Membrane-associated Tyr/Thr PK 1

NEK:

NIMA/NIM-A related kinase (NRK)

NIMA:

“Never in mitosis A” (NIM-A)

PDGFR:

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor

PDHK:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase

PEPRK:

PPCK-related kinases

PhK:

Phosphorylase kinase

PIKK:

Phosphatidyl inositol 3′ kinase-related kinase

PK:

Protein kinase

PKA, C, G:

Cyclic nucleotide-regulated protein kinase A, C, or G

PKA/B/C:

Protein kinase A/B/C

PKACα:

PKA catalytic subunit α

PKAK1:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

PKL:

Protein kinase-like

PPCK:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase

PPK1:

Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5′ kinase

Prk:

Phosphoribulokinase

PRKIN:

Protein kinase also called MHK

PSTK:

Protein serine/threonine kinase

Pti1:

Pto-interacting 1

PTK:

Protein–tyrosine kinases

Raf:

“Rapidly growing fibrosarcoma or rat fibrosarcoma,” cellular homolog of oncogene products from murine sarcoma virus, or cellular homolog of v-raf, the transforming gene from an avian retrovirus (MAP3K)

Rb:

Retinoblastoma protein

RD:

Kinase kinase containing invariant Asp residue as catalytic base preceded by an Arg

RGC:

Receptor guanylate cyclase

RIO:

Right open reading frame

RK:

Receptor kinase

RLK:

Receptor-like kinase (protein Ser/Thr RLK)

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RTK:

Receptor Tyr kinase

SH:

Hydrosulphide or sulfhydryl group (in Cys)

SHAGGY:

GSK from Drosophila

SI:

Self-incompatibility

SILAC:

Stable isotope labelling

SLG:

S-locus glycoprotein

SMG-1:

Suppressor of morphogenesis in genitalia-1

SNF1:

Sucrose non-fermenting 1

SnRK:

SNF1-related kinase

SRK:

S-receptor-like kinase

STE:

Family including MAP2K, MAP4K, CDCs, MEKK, and related sequences; kinase group consisting of Sterile 20 and p21Ras-activated PK (MAP4K)

TGFβ:

Transforming growth factor-β

TGFβR1:

Transforming growth factor-β receptor kinase 1 (TGFBR1)

TK:

Tyr kinase

TKL:

Tyr kinase-like

TRPM:

Transient receptor potential ion channel melastatin

VEGFR:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

WAK:

Cell wall-associated kinase

*New MAPK cascade nomenclature after (81)

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Dissmeyer, N., Schnittger, A. (2011). The Age of Protein Kinases. In: Dissmeyer, N., Schnittger, A. (eds) Plant Kinases. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 779. Humana, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-264-9_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-264-9_2

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