Skip to main content

The Detection of Hepatitis Viruses

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Diagnostic Virology Protocols

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 665))

Abstract

The hepatitis viruses, named A–E, cause acute and chronic liver disease depending on the virus. Laboratory-based diagnosis relies on the detection of specific markers of infection for each virus, through the use of appropriate serological tests. In recent years, molecular tests that rely on the amplification of viral nucleic acids have also been employed, not only in confirming active viral replication but also in monitoring antiviral treatment efficacy. Some of these tests that are currently in use in routine diagnostic laboratories are outlined in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Karayiannis, P., Main, J., and Thomas, H.C. (2004) Hepatitis vaccines. Br Med Bull 70, 29–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Nainan, O.V., Xia, G., Vaughan, G., and Margolis, H.S. (2006) Diagnosis of hepatitis A virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 19, 63–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Costa-Mattioli, M., Di Napoli, A., Ferré, V., Billaudel, S., Perez-Bercoff, R., and Cristina, J. Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus. J Gen Virol 84, 3191–3201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ping, L.H., Jansen, R.W., Stapleton, J.T., Cohen, J.I., and Lemon, S.M. (1988) Identification of an immunodominant antigenic site involving the capsid protein VP3 of hepatitis A virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85, 8281–8285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ganem, D. and Prince, A.M. (2004) Hepatitis B virus infection – natural history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med 350, 118–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Karayiannis, P., Carman, W.F., and Thomas, H.C. (2005) Molecular variations in the core promoter, precore and core regions of hepatitis B virus, and their clinical significance. In: Thomas, H.C., Lemon, S., and Zuckerman, A.J. Ed. Viral Hepatitis. Blackwell, London, pp. 242–262.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Lok, A.S. (2007) Navigating the maze of hepatitis B treatments. Gastroenterology 132, 1586–1594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Carman, W.F., Jazayeri, M., Basune, A., Thomas, H.C., and Karayiannis, P. (2005) Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) vari­ants. In: Thomas, H.C., Lemon, S., and Zuckerman, A.J.­ Ed. Viral Hepatitis. Blackwell, London, pp. 225–241.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Moradpour, D., Penin, F., and Rice, C.M. (2007) Replication of hepatitis C virus. Nat Rev Microbiol 5, 453–463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Foster, G. and Mathurin, P. (2008) Hepatitis C virus therapy to date. Antivir Ther 13(Suppl 1), 3–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Simmonds, P., Bukh, J., Combet, C., Deléage, G., Enomoto, N., Feinstone, S., Halfon, P., Inchauspé, G., Kuiken, C., Maertens, G., Mizokami, M., Murphy, D.G., Okamoto, H., Pawlotsky, J.M., Penin, F., Sablon, E., Shin-I, T., Stuyver, L.J., Thiel, H.J., Viazov, S., Weiner, A.J., and Widell, A. (2005) Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology 42, 962–973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Taylor, J.M. (2006) Hepatitis delta virus. Virology 344, 71–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Dény P. (2006) Hepatitis delta virus genetic variability: from genotypes I, II, III to eight major clades? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 307, 151–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mushahwar, I.K. (2008) Hepatitis E virus: molecular virology, clinical features, diagnosis, transmission, epidemiology, and prevention. J Med Virol 80, 646–658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Okamoto H. (2007) Genetic variability and evolution of hepatitis E virus. Virus Res 127, 216–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Karayiannis, P., Alexopoulou, A., Hadziyannis, S., Thursz, M., Watts, R., Seito, S., and Thomas, H.C. (1995) Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis B virus e antigen-negative infection: importance of host factors. Hepatology 22, 1628–1634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Carman, W.F., Jacyna, M.R., Hadziyannis, S., Karayiannis, P., McGarvey, M., Makris, A., and Thomas, H.C. (1989) Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet ii, 588–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Carman, W.F., Zanetti, A.R., Karayiannis, P., Manzillo, G., Tanzi, E., Zuckerman, A.J., and Thomas, H.C. (1990) A vaccine induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet ii, 325–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Seddigh-Tonekaboni, S., Waters, J.A., Jeffers, S., Gehrke, R., Ofenloch, B., Horsch, A., Hess, G., Thomas, H.C., and Karayiannis, P. (2000) The effect of variation in the common “a” determinant on the antigenicity of hepatitis B surface antigen. J Med Virol 60, 113–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Yamashiro, T., Nagayama, K., Enomoto, N., Watanabe, H., Miyagi, T., Nakasone, H., Sakugawa, H., and Watanabe, M. (2004) Quantitation of the level of hepatitis delta virus RNA in serum, by real-time polymerase chain reaction – and its possible correlation with the clinical stage of liver disease. J Infect Dis 189, 1151–1157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gyarmati, P., Mohammed, N., Norder, H., Blomberg, J., Belák, S., and Widén, F. (2007) Universal detection of hepatitis E virus by two real-time PCR assays: TaqMan and primer-probe energy transfer. J Virol Methods 146, 226–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sarrazin, C. (2002) Highly sensitive hepatitis C virus RNA detection methods: molecular backgrounds and clinical significance. J Clin Virol 25(Suppl 3), 23–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Bartholomeusz, A. and Locarnini, S.A. (2006) Antiviral drug resistance: clinical consequences and molecular aspects. Semin Liver Dis 26, 162–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Jensen, D.M. and Ascione, A. (2008) Future directions in therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Antivir Ther 3(Suppl 1), 31–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter Karayiannis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Karayiannis, P. (2010). The Detection of Hepatitis Viruses. In: Stephenson, J., Warnes, A. (eds) Diagnostic Virology Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 665. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-817-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-817-1_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-816-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-817-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics