Abstract
The essential need for mitochondrial function has been extensively shown to relate to neuronal health. Neurodegeneration and neurodegeneration-related diseases have been associated with multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions. This review highlights key findings related to commonly studied mitochondrial dysfunctions: imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics, mutations in the mitochondrial genome, excessive reactive oxygen species, and misfolded protein associations/interactions with the mitochondria. Future research in mitochondrial function will help elucidate complex neurodegenerative events while impacting both individual and societal health.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Guo X, Macleod GT, Wellington A, Hu F, Panchumarthi S, Schoenfield M, Marin L, Charlton MP, Atwood HL, Zinsmaier KE (2005) The GTPase dMiro is required for axonal transport of mitochondria to Drosophila synapses. Neuron 47:379–393
Verstreken P, Ly CV, Venken KJ, Koh TW, Zhou Y, Bellen HJ (2005) Synaptic mitochondria are critical for mobilization of reserve pool vesicles at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions. Neuron 47:365–378
Li Z, Okamoto K, Hayashi Y, Sheng M (2004) The importance of dendritic mitochondria in the morphogenesis and plasticity of spines and synapses. Cell 119:873–887
Lee D, Lee KH, Ho WK, Lee SH (2007) Target cell-specific involvement of presynaptic mitochondria in post-tetanic potentiation at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. J Neurosci 27:13603–13613
Stowers RS, Megeath LJ, Gorska-Andrzejak J, Meinertzhagen IA, Schwarz TL (2002) Axonal transport of mitochondria to synapses depends on milton, a novel Drosophila protein. Neuron 36:1063–1077
Wang X, Schwarz TL (2009) The mechanism of Ca2+ -dependent regulation of kinesin-mediated mitochondrial motility. Cell 136:163–174
Macaskill AF, Rinholm JE, Twelvetrees AE, Arancibia-Carcamo IL, Muir J, Fransson A, Aspenstrom P, Attwell D, Kittler JT (2009) Miro1 is a calcium sensor for glutamate receptor-dependent localization of mitochondria at synapses. Neuron 61:541–555
Chen H, Chan DC (2005) Emerging functions of mammalian mitochondrial fusion and fission. Hum Mol Genet 14(Spec No. 2):R283–R289
Knott AB, Perkins G, Schwarzenbacher R, Bossy-Wetzel E (2008) Mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:505–518
Chen H, Chan DC (2006) Critical dependence of neurons on mitochondrial dynamics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 18:453–459
Delettre C, Lenaers G, Griffoin JM, Gigarel N, Lorenzo C, Belenguer P, Pelloquin L, Grosgeorge J, Turc-Carel C, Perret E, Astarie-Dequeker C, Lasquellec L, Arnaud B, Ducommun B, Kaplan J, Hamel CP (2000) Nuclear gene OPA1, encoding a mitochondrial dynamin-related protein, is mutated in dominant optic atrophy. Nat Genet 26:207–210
Zuchner S, Mersiyanova IV, Muglia M, Bissar-Tadmouri N, Rochelle J, Dadali EL, Zappia M, Nelis E, Patitucci A, Senderek J, Parman Y, Evgrafov O, Jonghe PD, Takahashi Y, Tsuji S, Pericak-Vance MA, Quattrone A, Battaloglu E, Polyakov AV, Timmerman V, Schroder JM, Vance JM (2004) Mutations in the mitochondrial GTPase mitofusin 2 cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A. Nat Genet 36:449–451
Olichon A, Baricault L, Gas N, Guillou E, Valette A, Belenguer P, Lenaers G (2003) Loss of OPA1 perturbates the mitochondrial inner membrane structure and integrity, leading to cytochrome c release and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 278:7743–7746
Chen H, McCaffery JM, Chan DC (2007) Mitochondrial fusion protects against neurodegeneration in the cerebellum Cell 130:548–562
Manfredi G, Beal MF (2007) Merging mitochondria for neuronal survival. Nat Med 13:1140–1141
Kitada T, Pisani A, Porter DR, Yamaguchi H, Tscherter A, Martella G, Bonsi P, Zhang C, Pothos EN, Shen J (2007) Impaired dopamine release and synaptic plasticity in the striatum of PINK1-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:11441–11446
Poole AC, Thomas RE, Andrews LA, McBride HM, Whitworth AJ, Pallanck LJ (2008) The PINK1/Parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial morphology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1638–1643
Gandhi S, Wood-Kaczmar A, Yao Z, Plun-Favreau H, Deas E, Klupsch K, Downward J, Latchman DS, Tabrizi SJ, Wood NW, Duchen MR, Abramov AY (2009) PINK1-associated Parkinson’s disease is caused by neuronal vulnerability to calcium-induced cell death. Mol Cell 33:627–638
Wang X, Su B, Siedlak SL, Moreira PI, Fujioka H, Wang Y, Casadesus G, Zhu X (2008) Amyloid-beta overproduction causes abnormal mitochondrial dynamics via differential modulation of mitochondrial fission/fusion proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:19318–19323
Cho DH, Nakamura T, Fang J, Cieplak P, Godzik A, Gu Z, Lipton SA (2009) S-nitrosylation of Drp1 mediates beta-amyloid-related mitochondrial fission and neuronal injury. Science 324:102–105
Orr AL, Li S, Wang CE, Li H, Wang J, Rong J, Xu X, Mastroberardino PG, Greenamyre JT, Li XJ (2008) N-terminal mutant huntingtin associates with mitochondria and impairs mitochondrial trafficking. J Neurosci 28:2783–2792
Wang H, Lim PJ, Karbowski M, Monteiro MJ (2009) Effects of overexpression of huntingtin proteins on mitochondrial integrity. Hum Mol Genet 18:737–752
Jordi Magrané,Isabel Hervias,Matthew S.Henning,Maria Damiano,Hibiki Kawamata and Giovanni Manfredi (2009) Mutant SOD1 in neuronal mitochondria causes toxicity and mitochondrial dynamics abnormalities. Hum Mol Genetics 18(23):4552–4564
Misko A, Jiang S, Wegorzewska I, Milbrandt J, Baloh RH. (2010) Mitofusin 2 is necessary for transport of axonal mitochondria and interacts with the Miro/Milton complex.” J Neurosci 30(12):4232–40
Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MH, Coulson AR, Drouin J, Eperon IC, Nierlich DP, Roe BA, Sanger F, Schreier PH, Smith AJ, Staden R, Young IG (1981) Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290:457–465
Bender A, Krishnan KJ, Morris CM, Taylor GA, Reeve AK, Perry RH, Jaros E, Hersheson JS, Betts J, Klopstock T, Taylor RW, Turnbull DM (2006) High levels of mitochondrial DNA deletions in substantia nigra neurons in aging and Parkinson disease. Nat Genet 38:515–517
Corral-Debrinski M, Horton T, Lott MT, Shoffner JM, Beal MF, Wallace DC (1992) Mitochondrial DNA deletions in human brain: regional variability and increase with advanced age. Nat Genet 2:324–329
Soong NW, Hinton DR, Cortopassi G, Arnheim N (1992) Mosaicism for a specific somatic mitochondrial DNA mutation in adult human brain. Nat Genet 2:318–323
Krishnan KJ, Greaves LC, Reeve AK, Turnbull DM (2007) Mitochondrial DNA mutations and aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1100:227–240
Fukui H, Moraes CT (2009) Mechanisms of formation and accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions in aging neurons. Hum Mol Genet 18:1028–1036
Srivastava S, Moraes CT (2005) Double-strand breaks of mouse muscle mtDNA promote large deletions similar to multiple mtDNA deletions in humans. Hum Mol Genet 14:893–902
Krishnan KJ, Reeve AK, Samuels DC, Chinnery PF, Blackwood JK, Taylor RW, Wanrooij S, Spelbrink JN, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM (2008) What causes mitochondrial DNA deletions in human cells? Nat Genet 40:275–279
Kraytsberg Y, Kudryavtseva E, McKee AC, Geula C, Kowall NW, Khrapko K (2006) Mitochondrial DNA deletions are abundant and cause functional impairment in aged human substantia nigra neurons. Nat Genet 38:518–520
Reeve AK, Krishnan KJ, Elson JL, Morris CM, Bender A, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM (2008) Nature of mitochondrial DNA deletions in substantia nigra neurons. Am J Hum Genet 82:228–235
Coskun PE, Beal MF, Wallace DC (2004) Alzheimer’s brains harbor somatic mtDNA control-region mutations that suppress mitochondrial transcription and replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:10726–10731
Lin MT, Simon DK, Ahn CH, Kim LM, Beal MF (2002) High aggregate burden of somatic mtDNA point mutations in aging and Alzheimer’s disease brain. Hum Mol Genet 11:133–145
Xu H, DeLuca SZ, O’Farrell PH (2008) Manipulating the metazoan mitochondrial genome with targeted restriction enzymes. Science 321:575–577
Ekstrand MI, Terzioglu M, Galter D, Zhu S, Hofstetter C, Lindqvist E, Thams S, Bergstrand A, Hansson FS, Trifunovic A, Hoffer B, Cullheim S, Mohammed AH, Olson L, Larsson NG (2007) Progressive parkinsonism in mice with respiratory-chain-deficient dopamine neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:1325–1330
Sorensen L, Ekstrand M, Silva JP, Lindqvist E, Xu B, Rustin P, Olson L, Larsson NG (2001) Late-onset corticohippocampal neurodepletion attributable to catastrophic failure of oxidative phosphorylation in MILON mice. J Neurosci 21:8082–8090
Dufour E, Terzioglu M, Sterky FH, Sorensen L, Galter D, Olson L, Wilbertz J, Larsson NG (2008) Age-associated mosaic respiratory chain deficiency causes trans-neuronal degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 17:1418–1426
Trifunovic A, Wredenberg A, Falkenberg M, Spelbrink JN, Rovio AT, Bruder CE, Bohlooly YM, Gidlof S, Oldfors A, Wibom R, Tornell J, Jacobs HT, Larsson NG (2004) Premature ageing in mice expressing defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Nature 429:417–423
Kujoth GC, Hiona A, Pugh TD, Someya S, Panzer K, Wohlgemuth SE, Hofer T, Seo AY, Sullivan R, Jobling WA, Morrow JD, Van Remmen H, Sedivy JM, Yamasoba T, Tanokura M, Weindruch R, Leeuwenburgh C, Prolla TA (2005) Mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mammalian aging. Science 309:481–484
Kasahara T, Kubota M, Miyauchi T, Noda Y, Mouri A, Nabeshima T, Kato T (2006) Mice with neuron-specific accumulation of like phenotypes. Mol Psychiatry 11(577–593):23
Bailey LJ, Cluett TJ, Reyes A, Prolla TA, Poulton J, Leeuwenburgh C, Holt IJ (2009) Mice expressing an error-prone DNA polymerase in mitochondria display elevated replication pausing and chromosomal breakage at fragile sites of mitochondrial DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 37:2327–2335
Khrapko K, Vijg J (2007) Mitochondrial DNA mutations and aging: a case closed? Nat Genet 39:445–446
Tyynismaa H, Suomalainen A (2009) Mouse models of mitochondrial DNA defects and their relevance for human disease. EMBO Rep 10:137–143
Trevelyan AJ, Kirby DM, Smulders-Srinivasan TK, Nooteboom M, Acin-Perez R, Enriquez JA, Whittington MA, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM. (2010) Mitochondrial DNA mutations affect calcium handling in differentiated neurons. Brain. 133(Pt 3):787–96
Abramov AY, Smulders-Srinivasan TK, Kirby DM, Acin-Perez R, Enriquez JA, Lightowlers RN, Duchen MR, Turnbull DM. (2010)Mechanism of neurodegeneration of neurons with mitochondrial DNA mutations. Brain. 133(Pt 3):797–807
Mattson MP, Magnus T (2006) Ageing and neuronal vulnerability. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:278–294
Du F, Zhu XH, Zhang Y, Friedman M, Zhang N, Ugurbil K, Chen W (2008) Tightly coupled brain activity and cerebral ATP metabolic rate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:6409–6414
Balaban RS, Nemoto S, Finkel T (2005) Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell 120:483–495
Xia C, Meng Q, Liu LZ, Rojanasakul Y, Wang XR, Jiang BH (2007) Reactive oxygen species regulate angiogenesis and tumor growth through vascular endothelial growth factor. Cancer Res 67:10823–10830
Giorgio M, Trinei M, Migliaccio E, Pelicci PG (2007) Hydrogen peroxide: a metabolic by-product or a common mediator of ageing signals? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:722–728
Lin MT, Beal MF (2006) Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 443:787–795
Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408:239–247
Harman D (1956) Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 11:298–300
Fukui H, Moraes CT (2008) The mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration connection: reality or just an attractive hypothesis? Trends Neurosci 31:251–256
Moreno-Loshuertos R, Acin-Perez R, Fernandez-Silva P, Movilla N, Perez-Martos A, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Gallardo ME, Enriquez JA (2006) Differences in reactive oxygen species production explain the phenotypes associated with common mouse mitochondrial DNA. Nat Genet 38:1261–1268
Wright AF, Jacobson SG, Cideciyan AV, Roman AJ, Shu X, Vlachantoni D, McInnes RR, Riemersma RA (2004) Lifespan and mitochondrial control of neurodegeneration. Nat Genet 36:1153–1158
Cardozo-Pelaez F, Brooks PJ, Stedeford T, Song S, Sanchez-Ramos J (2000) DNA damage, repair, and antioxidant systems in brain regions: a correlative study. Free Radic Biol Med 28:779–785
Forster MJ, Dubey A, Dawson KM, Stutts WA, Lal H, Sohal RS (1996) Age-related losses of cognitive function and motor skills in mice are associated with oxidative protein damage in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:4765–4769
Cutler RG, Kelly J, Storie K, Pedersen WA, Tammara A, Hatanpaa K, Troncoso JC, Mattson MP (2004) Involvement of oxidative stress-induced abnormalities in ceramide and cholesterol metabolism in brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:2070–2075
Ohsawa I, K, Murakami Y, Suzuki Y, Ishikawa M, Ohta S (2008) Age-dependent neurodegeneration accompanying memory loss in transgenic mice defective in mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activity. J Neurosci 28:6239–6249
Abramov AY, Canevari L, Duchen MR (2004) Beta-amyloid peptides induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in astrocytes and death of neurons through activation of NADPH oxidase. J Neurosci 24:565–575
Brennan AM, Suh SW, Won SJ, Narasimhan P, Kauppinen TM, Lee H, Edling Y, Chan PH, Swanson RA (2009) NADPH oxidase is the primary source of superoxide induced by NMDA receptor activation. Nat Neurosci 12:857–863
Lansbury PT, Lashuel HA (2006) A century-old debate on protein aggregation and neurodegeneration enters the clinic. Nature 443:774–779
Rubinsztein DC (2006) The roles of intracellular protein-degradation pathways in neurodegeneration. Nature 443:780–786
Oddo S, Billings L, Kesslak JP, Cribbs DH, LaFerla FM (2004) Abeta immunotherapy leads to clearance of early, but not late, hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates via the proteasome. Neuron 43:321–332
Morgan D, Diamond DM, Gottschall PE, Ugen KE, Dickey C, Hardy J, Duff K, Jantzen P, DiCarlo G, Wilcock D, Connor K, Hatcher J, Hope C, Gordon M, Arendash GW (2000) A beta peptide vaccination prevents memory loss in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 408:982–985
Du H, Guo L, Fang F, Chen D, Sosunov AA, McKhann GM, Yan Y, Wang C, Zhang H, JD, Gunn-Moore FJ, Vonsattel JP, Arancio O, Chen JX, Yan SD (2008) Cyclophilin D deficiency attenuates mitochondrial and neuronal perturbation and ameliorates learning and memory in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Med 14:1097–1105
Lin MT, Beal MF (2006) Alzheimer’s APP mangles mitochondria. Nat Med 12:1241–1243
Lustbader JW, Cirilli M, Lin C, Xu HW, Takuma K, Wang N, Caspersen C, Chen X, Pollak S, Chaney M, Trinchese F, Liu S, Gunn-Moore F, Lue LF, Walker DG, Kuppusamy P, Zewier ZL, Arancio O, Stern D, Yan SS, Wu H (2004) ABAD directly links Abeta to mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease. Science 304:448–452
Devi L, Raghavendran V, Prabhu BM, Avadhani NG, Anandatheerthavarada HK (2008) Mitochondrial import and accumulation of alpha-synuclein impair complex I in human dopaminergic neuronal cultures and Parkinson disease brain. J Biol Chem 283:9089–9100
Buttner S, Bitto A, Ring J, Augsten M, Zabrocki P, Eisenberg T, Jungwirth H, Hutter S, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Kroemer G, Winderickx J, Madeo F (2008) Functional mitochondria are required for alpha-synuclein toxicity in aging yeast. J Biol Chem 283:7554–7560
Nakamura K, Nemani VM, Wallender EK, Kaehlcke K, Ott M, Edwards RH (2008) Optical reporters for the conformation of alpha-synuclein reveal a specific interaction with mitochondria. J Neurosci 28:12305–12317
Narendra D, Tanaka A, Suen DF, Youle RJ (2008) Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy. J Cell Biol 183:795–803
Narendra D, Tanaka A, Suen DF, Youle RJ (2009) Parkin-induced mitophagy in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Autophagy 5:706–708
Seong IS, Ivanova E, Lee JM, Choo YS, Fossale E, Anderson M, Gusella JF, Laramie JM, Myers RH, Lesort M, MacDonald ME (2005) HD CAG repeat implicates a dominant property of huntingtin in mitochondrial energy metabolism. Hum Mol Genet 14:2871–2880
Cui L, Jeong H, Borovecki F, Parkhurst CN, Tanese N, Krainc D (2006) Transcriptional repression of PGC-1alpha by mutant huntingtin leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Cell 127:59–69
Vijayvergiya C, Beal MF, Buck J, Manfredi G (2005) Mutant superoxide dismutase 1 forms aggregates in the brain mitochondrial matrix of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice. J Neurosci 25:2463–2470
Son M, Puttaparthi K, Kawamata H, Rajendran B, Boyer PJ, Manfredi G, Elliott JL (2007) Overexpression of CCS in G93A-SOD1 mice leads to accelerated neurological deficits with severe mitochondrial pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:6072–6077
Cassina P, Cassina A, Pehar M, Castellanos R, Gandelman M, de Leon A, Robinson KM, Mason RP, Beckman JS, Barbeito L, Radi R (2008) Mitochondrial dysfunction in SOD1G93A-bearing astrocytes promotes motor neuron degeneration: prevention by mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants. J Neurosci 28:4115–4122
Gao HM, Kotzbauer PT, Uryu K, Leight S, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2008) Neuroinflammation and oxidation/nitration of alpha-synuclein linked to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 28:7687–7698
Fukui H, Diaz F, Garcia S, Moraes CT (2007) Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in neurons decreases both oxidative stress and amyloid formation in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:14163–14168
Reddy PH, Beal MF (2008) Amyloid beta, mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic damage: implications for cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Mol Med 14:45–53
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Pickrell, A.M., Moraes, C.T. (2010). What Role Does Mitochondrial Stress Play in Neurodegenerative Diseases?. In: Bross, P., Gregersen, N. (eds) Protein Misfolding and Cellular Stress in Disease and Aging. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 648. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-756-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-756-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-755-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-756-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols