Abstract
Macrophages are the heterogeneous grouping of cells that are derived from monocytes. They have a multitude of functions depending on their final differentiated state. These functions range from phagocytosis to antigen presentation to bone destruction, to name a few. Their importance in both the innate and acquired immune functions is undeniable. Xenobiotics that degrade their functional status can have grave consequences. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the types of macrophages, their hematopoietic origin and a general discussion of the many different assays that are used to assess their functional status.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Weissman IL, Shizuru JA (2008) The origins of the identification and isolation of hematopoietic stem cells, and their capability to induce donor-specific transplantation tolerance and treat autoimmune diseases. Blood 112:3543–3553
Xing L, Schwarz EM, Boyce BF (2005) Osteoclast precursors, RANKL/RANK, and immunology. Immunol Rev 208:19–29
Blair HC, Zaidi M (2006) Osteoclastic differentiation and function regulated by old and new pathways. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 7:23–32
Blyler G, Landreth KS, Lillis T et al (1994) Selective myelotoxicity of propanil. Fundam Appl Toxicol 22:505–510
Mosser DM, Edwards JP (2008) Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat Rev Immunol 8:958–969
Edwards JP, Zhang X, Frauwirth KA, Mosser DM (2006) Biochemical and functional characterization of three activated macrophage populations. J Leukoc Biol 80:1298–1307
Raes G (2002) FIZZ1 and Ym as tools to discriminate between differentially activated macrophages. Dev Immunol 9:151–159
Siracusa MC, Reece JJ, Urban JF Jr, Scott AL (2008) Dynamics of lung macrophage activation in response to helminth infection. J Leukoc Biol 84:1422–1433
MacKinnon AC, Farnworth SL, Hodkinson PS et al (2008) Regulation of alternative macrophage activation by galectin-3. J Immunol 180:2650–2658
Gangadharan B, Hoeve MA, Allen JE et al (2008) Murine gammaherpesvirus-induced fibrosis is associated with the development of alternatively activated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 84:50–58
Anderson CF, Gerber JS, Mosser DM (2002) Modulating macrophage function with IgG immune complexes. J Endotoxin Res 8:477–481
Zhang X, Goncalves R, Mosser DM (2008) The isolation and characterization of murine macrophages. Curr Protoc Immunol Chapter 14:Unit 14.1.:14.1.1–14.1.14
Riedy MC, Stewart CC (2001) Characterization of human monocytes/macrophages. Curr Protoc Immunol Chapter 14:Unit 14.3.:14.3.1–14.3.8
Wahl LM, Wahl SM, Smythies LE, Smith PD (2006) Isolation of human monocyte populations. Curr Protoc Immunol Chapter 7:Unit 7.6A.:7.6A.1–7.6A.10
Ustyugova IV, Frost LL, VanDyke K, Brundage KM, Schafer R, Barnett JB (2007) 3,4-Dichloropropionaniline suppresses normal macrophage function. Toxicol Sci 97:364–374
Ouadrhiri Y, Scorneaux B, Sibille Y, Tulkens PM (1999) Mechanism of the intracellular killing and modulation of antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes in THP-1 macrophages activated by gamma interferon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:1242–1251
Vieira P, O’Garra A (2007) Regula‘ten’ the gut. Nat Immunol 8:905–907
Schmid D, Munz C (2007) Innate and adaptive immunity through autophagy. Immunity 27:11–21
Swanson MS, Byrne BG, Dubuisson JF (2009) Kinetic analysis of autophagosome formation and turnover in primary mouse macrophages. Methods Enzymol 452:383–402
Geissmann F (2007) The origin of dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 8:558–560
Don Porto Carero A, Hoet PH, Nemery B, Schoeters G (2002) Increased HLA-DR expression after exposure of human monocytic cells to air particulates. Clin Exp Allergy 32:296–300
Furst SM, Luedke D, Gandolfi AJ (1997) Kupffer cells from halothane-exposed guinea pigs carry trifluoroacetylated protein adducts. Toxicology 120:119–132
Harding CV (2001) Choosing and preparing antigen-presenting cells. Curr Protoc Immunol Chapter 16:Unit 16.1.:16.1.1–16.1.14
Harding CV (2001) Presenting exogenous antigen to T cells. Curr Protoc Immunol Chapter 16:Unit 16.2.:16.2.1–16.2.15
Dahlgren C, Karlsson A (1999) Respiratory burst in human neutrophils. J Immunol Methods 232:3–14
Lewis TL, Brundage KM, Brundage RA, Barnett JB (2008) 3,4-Dichloropropionanilide (DCPA) inhibits T cell activation by altering the intracellular calcium concentration following store depletion. Toxicol Sci 103:97–107
Uchida N, Weissman IL (1992) Searching for hematopoietic stem cells: evidence that Thy-1.1lo Lin- Sca-1+ cells are the only stem cells in C57BL/Ka-Thy-1.1 bone marrow. J Exp Med 175:175–184
Metcalf D (1971) Antigen-induced proliferation of bone marrow precusors of granulocytes and macrophages. Immunology 20:727–738
Blyler G, Landreth KS, Barnett JB (1994) Gender-specific effects of prenatal chlordane exposure on myeloid cell development. Fundam Appl Toxicol 23:188–193
Smith CL (2001) Basic confocal microscopy. Curr Protoc Cell Biol Chapter 4:Unit 4.5.:4.5.1–4.5.12
Jedeszko C, Sameni M, Olive MB, Moin K, Sloane BF (2008) Visualizing protease activity in living cells: from two dimensions to four dimensions. Curr Protoc Cell Biol Chapter 4:Unit 4.20.:4.20.1–4.20.15
Henjakovic M, Sewald K, Switalla S et al (2008) Ex vivo testing of immune responses in precision-cut lung slices. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 231:68–76
Neumann K, Eppler E, Filgueira L et al (2003) Listeria species escape from the phagosomes of interleukin-4-deactivated human macrophages independent of listeriolysin. Immunol Cell Biol 81:431–439
Frost LW, Neeley YX, Schafer R, Gibson LF, Barnett JB (2001) Propanil inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by reducing nuclear levels of the transcription factor NF-kB in the macrophage cell line IC-21. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 172:186–193
Hornbeck P (2001) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Curr Protoc Immunol Chapter 2:Unit 2.1.:Unit
Hornbeck P, Winston SE, Fuller SA (2001) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Curr Protoc Mol Biol Chapter 11:Unit11.2.:Unit11
Lee EO, Lee JR, Kim KH et al (2006) The methylene chloride fraction of Trichosanthis Fructus induces apoptosis in U937 cells through the mitochondrial pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 29:21–25
Pan MH, Liang YC, Lin-Shiau SY, Zhu NQ, Ho CT, Lin JK (2000) Induction of apoptosis by the oolong tea polyphenol theasinensin A through cytochrome c release and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in human U937 cells. J Agric Food Chem 48:6337–6346
Nakadai A, Li Q, Kawada T (2006) Chlorpyrifos induces apoptosis in human monocyte cell line U937. Toxicology 224:202–209
Brundage KM, Schafer R, Barnett JB (2003) Altered AP-1 (activating protein-1) activity and c-jun activation in T cells exposed to the amide class herbicide 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (DCPA). Toxicol Sci 79:98–105
Klinke DJI, Ustyugova IV, Brundage KM, Barnett JB (2008) Modulating temporal control of NF-kappaB activation: implications for therapeutic and assay selection. Biophys J 94:4249–4259
Kopp E, Ghosh S (1994) Inhibition of NF-kappa B by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Science 265:956–959
Lehtonen A, Ahlfors H, Veckman V, Miettinen M, Lahesmaa R, Julkunen I (2007) Gene expression profiling during differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages or dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 82:710–720
Iwaskai H, Akashi K (2007) Myeloid lineage commitment from the hematopoietic stem cell. Immunity 26:726–740
Bryder D, Rossi DJ Weissman IL (2006) Hematopoietic stem cells: the pradigmatic tissue-specific stem cell. Am J Pathol 169:338–346
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Barnett, J.B., Brundage, K.M. (2010). Evaluating Macrophages in Immunotoxicity Testing. In: Dietert, R. (eds) Immunotoxicity Testing. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 598. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-400-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-401-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols