Abstract
Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) has emerged as a serious health consideration given the increases in the prevalence of many immune-based childhood diseases and conditions, including allergic diseases and asthma, recurrent otitis media, pediatric celiac disease, and type 1 diabetes. As a result, the use of DIT testing to identify potential environmental risk factors contributing to these and other diseases has become a higher priority. This introductory chapter considers: (1) the basis for an increased and earlier use of DIT testing in safety evaluations and (2) the general features of DIT testing strategies designed to reduce health risks.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Luster MI, Faith RE, Kimmel CA (1978) Depression of humoral immunity in rats following chronic developmental lead exposure. J Toxicol Environ Pathol 1:397–402
Barnett JB, Holcomb D, Menna JH, Soderberg LS (1985) The effect of prenatal chlordane exposure on specific anti-influenza cell-mediated immunity. Toxicol Lett 25:229–238
Dietert RR, Qureshi MA, Nanna UC, Bloom SE (1985) Embryonic exposure to aflatoxin-B1: mutagenicity and influence on development and immunity. Environ Mutagen 7:715–725
Holladay SD (2005) Developmental immunotoxicology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Barnett JB (1996) Developmental immunotoxicology. In: Smialowicz RJ, Holsapple MP (eds) Experimental Immunotoxicology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 47–62
Smialowicz RJ, Brundage KB, Barnett JB (2007) Immune system ontogeny and developmental immunotoxicology. In: Luebke R, House R, Kimber I (eds) Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 327–346
Dietert RR (2009) Developmental immunotoxicology. In: Ballantyne B, Marrs T, Syversen T (eds) General and applied toxicology, 3rd edn. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp 1977–1991
Dietert RR, Burns-Naas LA (2008) Developmental immunotoxicity in rodents. In: Herzyk DJ, Bussiere JL (eds) Immunotoxicology strategies for pharmaceutical safety assessment. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 273–297
Holsapple MP, van der Laan JW, van Loveren H (2008) Development of a framework for developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) testing. In: Luebke R, House R, Kimber I (eds) Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 327–346
Luster MI, Dietert RR, Germolec DR, Luebke RW, Makris SL (2008) Developmental immunotoxicology. In: Sonawane B, Brown R (eds) Encyclopedia of environmental health. Elsevier, Oxford
Dietert RR, Piepenbrink MS (2006) Perinatal immunotoxicity: why adult exposure assessment fails to predict risk. Environ Health Perspect 114:477–483
Lu YC, Wu YC (1985) Clinical findings and immunological abnormalities in Yu-Cheng patients. Environ Health Perspect 59:17–29
Nakanishi Y, Shigematsu N, Kurita Y, Matsuba K, Kanegae H, Ishimaru S, Kawazoe Y (1985) Respiratory involvement and immune status in Yusho patients. Environ Health Perspect 59:31–36
Yu ML, Hsin JW, Hsu CC, Chan WC, Guo YL (1998) The immunologic evaluation of the Yucheng children. Chemosphere 37:1855–1865
Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Bruneau S, Gingras S, Belles-Isles M, Roy R (2001) Susceptibility to infections and immune status in Inuit infants exposed to organochlorines. Environ Health Perspect 108:205–211
Weisglas-Kuperus N, Patandin S, Berbers GA, Sas TC, Mulder PG, Sauer PJ, Hooijkaas H (2000) Immunologic effects of background exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in Dutch preschool children. Environ Health Perspect 108:1203–1207
Karmaus W, Kuehr J, Kruse H (2001) Infections and atopic disorders in childhood and organochlorine exposure. Arch Environ Health 56:485–492
Luebke RW, Chen DH, Dietert R, Yang Y, King M, Luster MI (2006) The comparative immunotoxicity of five selected compounds following developmental or adult exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 9:1–26
Dietert RR, Lee JE, Bunn TL (2002) Developmental immunotoxicology: emerging issues. Hum Exp Toxicol 21:479–485
Selevan SG, Kinnel CA, Mendola P (2000) Identifying critical windows of exposure for children’s health. Environ Health Perspect 108(Suppl. 3):451–455
Daston G, Faustman E, Ginsberg G, Fenner-Crisp P, Olin S, Sonanwane B, Bruckner J, Breslin W, McLaughlin TJ (2004) A framework for assessing risks to children from exposure to environmental agents. Environ Health Perspect 112:238–256
Landrigan PJ, Kimmel CA, Correa A, Eskenazi B (2004) Children’s health and the environment: public health issues and challenges for risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 112:257–265
Kimmel CA, Collman GW, Fields N, Eskenzi B (2005) Lessons learned for the National Children’s Study from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Centers for Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research. Environ Health Perspect 113:1414–1418
Landrigan PJ, Trasande L, Thorpe LE, Gwynee C, Lioy PJ, D’Alton ME, Lipkind HS, Swanson J, Wadhwa PD, Clark EB, Rauh VA, Perera FP, Susser E (2006) The National Children’s Study: a 21-year prospective study of 100, 000 American children. Pediatrics 118:2173–2186
World Health Organization. International Programme on Chemical Safety (2006) Principles for evaluating health risks in children associated with exposure to chemicals. WHO Publications, Geneva
Dietert RR (2008) Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) in drug safety testing: matching DIT testing to adverse outcomes and childhood disease risk. Curr Drug Saf 3:216–226
Holladay SD, Smialowicz RJ (2000) Development of the murine and human immune system: differential effects of immunotoxicants depend on time of exposure. Environ Health Perspect 108(Suppl. 3):463–473
Dietert RR, Etzel RA, Chen D, Halonen M, Holladay SD, Jarabek AM, Landreth K, Peden DB, Pinkerton K, Smialowicz RJ, Zoetis T (2000) Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children’s health: immune and respiratory systems work group summary. Environ Health Perspect 108(Suppl. 3):483–490
Luster MI, Dean JH, Germolec DR (2003) Consensus workshop on methods to evaluate developmental immunotoxicity. Environ Health Perspect 111:579–583
Holsapple MP, Paustenbach DJ, Charnley G, West LJ, Luster MI, Dietert RR, Burns-Naas L (2004) Symposium summary: children’s health risk-What’s so special about the developing immune system? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 199:61–70
Luster MI, Johnson VJ, Yucesoy B, Simeonova PP (2005) Biomarkers to assess potential developmental immunotoxicity in children. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 206:229–236
Dietert RR, Holsapple M (2007) Methodologies for developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) testing. Methods. 41:123–131
Selgrade MK (2007) Immunotoxicity: the risk is real. Toxicol Sci 100:328–332
Burns-Naas LA, Hastings KL, Ladics GS, Makris SL, Parker GA, Holsapple MP (2008) What’s so special about the developing immune system? Int J Toxicol 27:223–254
Dietert RR (2009) Developmental immunotoxicology: focus on health risks. Chem Res Toxicol 22(1):17–23
Dietert RR, Zelikoff JT (2008) Early-life environment, developmental immunotoxicology, and the risk of pediatric allergic disease including asthma. Birth Defects Res B Develop Reprod Toxicol 83(6):547–560
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Janice Dietert for her editorial assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Dietert, R.R., DeWitt, J. (2010). Developmental Immunotoxicity (DIT): The Why, When, and How of DIT Testing. In: Dietert, R. (eds) Immunotoxicity Testing. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 598. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-400-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-401-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols