Summary
The unique feature of the label-free measurement techniques for screening specific binding molecules against a certain ligand is that knowledge about the analyte is not required. Due to the direct monitoring of the binding event, no further detection step, e.g., by a fluorescently labeled antibody, is necessary. This technique enables not only the analysis of binding properties, but also applications in serodiagnosis and in primary screening in drug discovery. Especially when complex biological solutions such as blood serum are used as sample fluids, the minimization of unspecific attachment is the crucial point of the assay. In this chapter, the basic handling of the grating coupler as an example of a label-free transducer is described, together with a simple protocol to minimize unspecific attachment when measuring undiluted blood serum.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gauglitz, G. (2005) Direct optical sensors: principles and selected applications. Anal Bioanal Chem. 381,141–155
Tiefenthaler, K. and Lukosz, W. (1989) Sensitivity of grating couplers as integrated-optical chemical sensors. J Opt Soc Am B. 6, 209–220
Comley, J. (2005) Label-free detection–new biosensors facilitate broader range of drug discovery applications. Drug Discovery World, Winter 2004/5, 63–74
Cooper, M. A. (2006) Current biosensor technologies in drug discovery. Drug Discovery World, Summer 2006, 68–82
Brynda, E., Houska, M., Brandenburg, A. and Wikerstal, A. (2002) Optical biosensors for real-time measurement of analytes in blood plasma. Biosens Bioelectron. 17, 665–675
Nagel, T., Ehrentreich-Förster, E., Singh, M., Schmitt, K., Brandenburg, A., Berka, A., Bier, F. F. (2008) Direct detection of tuberculosis infection in blood serum using three optical label-free approaches. Sens Actuators B: Chem. 129, 934–940
Ehrentreich-Förster, E., Scheller, F. W. and Bier, F. F. (2003) Detection of progesterone in whole blood samples. Biosens Bioelectron. 18, 375–380
Nellen, P. M. and Lukosz, W. (1990) Integrated optical input grating couplers as chemo- and immunosensors. Sens Actuators B. 1, 592–596
Nellen, P. M. and Lukosz, W. (1991) Model experiments with integrated optical input grating couplers as direct immunosensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 6, 517–525
Lukosz, W., Nellen, P. M., Stamm, C. and Weiss, P. (1990) Output grating couplers on planar waveguides as integrated optical chemical sensors. Sens Actuators B. 1, 585–588
Lukosz, W., Clerc, D., Nellen, P. M., Stamm, C. and Weiss, P. (1991) Output grating couplers on planar optical waveguides as direct immu-nosensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 6, 227–232
Clerc, D. and Lukosz, W. (1994) Integrated optical output grating coupler as biochemical sensor. Sens Actuators B. 19, 581–586
Brandenburg, A., Polzius, R., Bier, F. F., Bilitewski, U. and Wagner, E. (1996) Direct observation of affinity reactions by reflected-mode operation of integrated optical grating coupler. Sens Actuators B. 30, 55–59
Billitewski, U., Bier, F. F. and Brandenburg, A. (1998) Immunobiosensors based on grating couplers, in (Rogers, K. R. and Mulchan-dani, A., ed.) Methods in BiotechnologyVol. 7, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 121–134
Clerc, D. and Lukosz, W. (1997) Direct immunosensing with an integrated-optical output grating coupler. Sens Actuators B. 40, 53–58
Hermanson, G. T. (ed.) (1996) Bioconjugate Techniques. Academic Press, San Diego, CA
Aslan, M. (ed.) (1998) Bioconjugation: Protein Coupling Techniques for the Biomedical Sciences. Stockton Press, London
Heise, C. and Bier, F. F. (2005) Immobilization of DNA on microarrays, in (Wittmann, C., ed.) Topics in Current Chemistry: Immobilisation of DNA on Chips II, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–25
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Nagel, T., Eva, EF., Bier, F.F. (2009). Label-Free Serodiagnosis on a Grating Coupler. In: Rasooly, A., Herold, K.E. (eds) Biosensors and Biodetection. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 503. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-567-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-567-5_10
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-566-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-567-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols