Abstract
Quantum dots are ideal probes for fluorescent imaging of vascular and lymphatic tissues. On injection into appropriate sites, red- and near-infrared-emitting quantum dots provide excellent definition of vasculature, lymphoid organs, and lymph nodes draining both normal tissues and tumors. We detail methods for use with commercially available quantum dots and discuss common difficulties.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bruchez, M., Jr., Moronne, M., Gin, P., Weiss, S., and Alivisatos, A. P. (1998) Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science 281, 2013–2016.
Chan, W. C., and Nie, S. (1998) Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science 281, 2016–2018.
Zhou, M., and Ghosh, I. (2007) Quantum dots and peptides: a bright future together. Biopolymers 88, 325–339.
Jaiswal, J. K., and Simon, S. M. (2007) Imaging single events at the cell membrane. Nat Chem Biol 3, 92–98.
Smith, A. M., Ruan, G., Rhyner, M. N., and Nie, S. (2006) Engineering luminescent quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 34, 3–14.
Pinaud, F., Michalet, X., Bentolila, L. A., Tsay, J. M., Doose, S., Li, J. J., Iyer, G., and Weiss, S. (2006) Advances in fluorescence imaging with quantum dot bio-probes. Biomaterials 27, 1679–1687.
Sargent, E. H. (2005) Infrared quantum dots. Adv Mater 17, 515–522.
Michalet, X., Pinaud, F. F., Bentolila, L. A., Tsay, J. M., Doose, S., Li, J. J., Sundaresan, G., Wu, A. M., Gambhir, S. S., and Weiss, S. (2005) Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 307, 538–544.
Medintz, I. L., Uyeda, H. T., Goldman, E. R., and Mattoussi, H. (2005) Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat Mater 4, 435–446.
Alivisatos, A. P., Gu, W., and Larabell, C. (2005) Quantum dots as cellular probes. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 7, 55–76.
Kim, S., Lim, Y. T., Soltesz, E. G., De Grand, A. M., Lee, J., Nakayama, A., Parker, J. A., Mihaljevic, T., Laurence, R. G., Dor, D. M., Cohn, L. H., Bawendi, M. G., and Frangioni, J. V. (2004) Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat Biotechnol 22, 93–97.
Frangioni, J. V., Kim, S. -W., Ohnishi, S., Kim, S., and Bawendi, M. G. (2007) Sentinel lymph node mapping with type-II quantum dots. Methods Mol Biol 374, 147–159.
Zimmer, J. P., Kim, S. W., Ohnishi, S., Tanaka, E., Frangioni, J. V., and Bawendi, M. G. (2006) Size series of small indium arsenide-zinc selenide core-shell nanocrystals and their application to in vivo imaging. J Am Chem Soc 128, 2526–2527.
Choi, H. S., Liu, W., Misra, P., Tanaka, E., Zimmer, J. P., Ipe, B. I., Bawendi, M. G., and Frangioni, J. V. (2007) Renal clearance of quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 25, 1165–1170.
Lewinski, N., Colvin, V., and Drezek, R. (2008) Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Small 4, 26–49.
Fischer, H. C., and Chan, W. C. (2007) Nanotoxicity: the growing need for in vivo study. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18, 565–571.
Choi, A. O., Cho, S. J., Desbarats, J., Lovric, J., and Maysinger, D. (2007) Quantum dot-induced cell death involves Fas upregulation and lipid peroxidation in human neuroblastoma cells. J Nanobiotechnology 5, 1.
Chithrani, B. D., and Chan, W. C. (2007) Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. Nano Lett 7, 1542–1550.
Zhang, T. T., Stilwell, J. L., Gerion, D., Ding, L. H., Elboudwarej, O., Cooke, P. A., Gray, J. W., Alivisatos, A. P., and Chen, F. F. (2006) Cellular effect of high doses of silica-coated quantum dot profiled with high throughput gene expression analysis and high content cellomics measurements. Nano Lett 6, 800–808.
Hardman, R. (2006) A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ Health Perspect 114, 165–172.
Fischer, H. C., Liu, L. C., Pang, K. S., and Chan, W. C. W. (2006) Pharmacokinetics of nanoscale quantum dots: in vivo distribution, sequestration, and clearance in the rat. Adv Funct Mater 16, 1299–1305.
Delehanty, J. B., Medintz, I. L., Pons, T., Brunel, F. M., Dawson, P. E., and Mattoussi, H. (2006) Self-assembled quantum dot-peptide bioconjugates for selective intracellular delivery. Bioconj Chem 17, 920–927.
Chang, E., Thekkek, N., Yu, W. W., Colvin, V. L., and Drezek, R. (2006) Evaluation of quantum dot cytotoxicity based on intracellular uptake. Small 2, 1412–1417.
Lovric, J., Bazzi, H. S., Cuie, Y., Fortin, G. R., Winnik, F. M., and Maysinger, D. (2005) Differences in subcellular distribution and toxicity of green and red emitting CdTe quantum dots. J Mol Med 83, 377–385.
Kirchner, C., Liedl, T., Kudera, S., Pellegrino, T., Munoz Javier, A., Gaub, H. E., Stolzle, S., Fertig, N., and Parak, W. J. (2005) Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles. Nano Lett 5, 331–338.
Shiohara, A., Hoshino, A., Hanaki, K., Suzuki, K., and Yamamoto, K. (2004) On the cyto-toxicity caused by quantum dots. Microbiol Immunol 48, 669–675.
Derfus, A. M., Chan, W. C. W., and Bhatia, S. N. (2004) Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett 4, 11–18.
Hoshino, A., Fujioka, K., Oku, T., Suga, M., Sasaki, Y. F., Ohta, T., Yasuhara, M., Suzuki, K., and Yamamoto, K. (2004) Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification. Nano Lett 4, 2163–2169.
Lovric, J., Cho, S. J., Winnik, F. M., and Maysinger, D. (2005) Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death. Chem Biol 12, 1227–1234.
Samia, A. C., Chen, X., and Burda, C. (2003) Semiconductor quantum dots for photodynamic therapy. J Am Chem Soc 125, 15736–15737.
Bakalova, R., Ohba, H., Zhelev, Z., Ishikawa, M., and Baba, Y. (2004) Quantum dot anti-CD conjugates: are they potential photosensitizers or potentiators of classical photosensitizing agents in photodynamic therapy of cancer? Nano Lett 4, 1567–1573.
Dayal, S., Oleinick, N. L., Kenney, M. E., and Burda, C. (2007) Quantum dot-based energy transfer to photodynamic therapy agents. Abstracts of Papers, 233rd ACS National Meeting, Chicago, IL, United States, March 25–29, 2007, PHYS-325.
Tsay, J. M., Trzoss, M., Shi, L., Kong, X., Selke, M., Jung, M. E., and Weiss, S. (2007) Singlet oxygen production by peptide-coated quantum dot-photosensitizer conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 129, 6865–6871.
Wu, X., Liu, H., Liu, J., Haley, K. N., Treadway, J. A., Larson, J. P., Ge, N., Peale, F., and Bruchez, M. P. (2003) Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 21, 41–46.
Ballou, B., Lagerholm, B. C., Ernst, L. A., Bruchez, M. P., and Waggoner, A. S. (2004) Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice. Bioconj Chem 15, 79–86.
Ballou, B., Ernst, L. A., Andreko, S., Harper, T., Fitzpatrick, J. A. J., Waggoner, A. S., and Bruchez, M. P. (2007) Sentinel lymph node imaging using quantum dots in mouse tumor models. Bioconj Chem 18, 389–396.
Bumol, T. F., and Reisfeld, R. A. (1982) Unique glycoprotein-proteoglycan complex defined by monoclonal antibody on human melanoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79 , 1245–1249.
Giuliano, A. E., Irie, R. F., Morton, D. L., and Ramming, K. P. (1978) Quantitative variations in expression of oncofetal antigens on human melanomas in culture. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 19 , 133.
Ballou, B., Levine, G., Hakala, T. R., and Solter, D. (1979) Tumor location detected with radioactively labeled monoclonal antibody and external scintigraphy. Science 206, 844–847.
Parungo, Cherie P., Soybel, David I., Colson, Yolonda L., Kim S.-W., Ohnishi, S., DeGrand, Alec M., Laurence, Rita G., Soltesz, Edward G., Chen, Fredrick Y., Cohn, Lawrence H., Bawendi, Moungi G., and Frangioni, John V. (2007) Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal space: a pattern dependent on bowel lymphatics. Ann Surg Oncol 14, 286–298.
Parungo, C. P., Colson, Y. L., Kim, S. W., Kim, S., Cohn, L. H., Bawendi, M. G., and Frangioni, J. V. (2005) Sentinel lymph node mapping of the pleural space. Chest 127, 1799–1804.
Parungo, C. P., Ohnishi, S., De Grand, A. M., Laurence, R. G., Soltesz, E. G., Colson, Y. L., Kang, P. M., Mihaljevic, T., Cohn, L. H., and Frangioni, J. V. (2004) In vivo optical imaging of pleural space drainage to lymph nodes of prognostic significance. Ann Surg Oncol 11, 1085–1092.
Parungo, C. P., Ohnishi, S., Kim, S. W., Kim, S., Laurence, R. G., Soltesz, E. G., Chen, F. Y., Colson, Y. L., Cohn, L. H., Bawendi, M. G., and Frangioni, J. V. (2005) Intraoperative identification of esophageal sentinel lymph nodes with near-infrared fluorescence imaging. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 129, 844–850.
Soltesz, E. G., Kim, S., Kim, S. W., Laurence, R. G., De Grand, A. M., Parungo, C. P., Cohn, L. H., Bawendi, M. G., and Frangioni, J. V. (2006) Sentinel lymph node mapping of the gastrointestinal tract by using invisible light. Ann Surg Oncol 13, 386–396.
Soltesz, E. G., Kim, S., Laurence, R. G., DeGrand, A. M., Parungo, C. P., Dor, D. M., Cohn, L. H., Bawendi, M. G., Frangioni, J. V., and Mihaljevic, T. (2005) Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping of the lung using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots. Ann Thor Surg 79, 269–277; discussion 69–77.
Hama, Y., Koyama, Y., Urano, Y., Choyke, Peter L., and Kobayashi, H. (2007) Simultaneous two-color spectral fluorescence lymphangiography with near infrared quantum dots to map two lymphatic flows from the breast and the upper extremity. Breast Cancer Res Treat 103, 23–28.
Kobayashi, H., Hama, Y., Koyama, Y., Barrett, T., Regino, C. A. S., Urano, Y., and Choyke, P. L. (2007) Simultaneous multicolor imaging of five different lymphatic basins using quantum dots. Nano Lett 7, 1711–1716.
Ballou, B., Ernst, L. A., Andreko, S., Lagerholm, B. C., Bruchez, M. P., and Waggoner, A. S. (2008) Long-term retention of fluorescent quantum dots in vivo, in “Nanomaterials for Application in Medicine and Biology” (Giersig, M., and Khomutov, G. B., Eds.), Vol. XVI, pp. 127–137, Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht.
Kowala, M. C., and Schoefl, G. I. (1986) The popliteal lymph node of the mouse: internal architecture, vascular distribution and lymphatic supply. J Anat 148, 25–46.
Ballou, B. (2005) Quantum dot surfaces for use in vivo and in vitro. Curr Top Dev Biol 70, 103–120.
Jackson, H., Muhammad, O., Daneshvar, H., Nelms, J., Popescu, A., Vogelbaum Michael, A., Bruchez, M., and Toms Steven, A. (2007) Quantum dots are phagocytized by macrophages and colocalize with experimental gliomas. Neurosurgery 60, 524–529; discussion 29–30.
Muhammad, O., Popescu, A., and Toms Steven, A. (2007) Macrophage-mediated colocalization of quantum dots in experimental glioma. Methods Mol Biol 374, 161–172.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge financial support from the NIH BRP program under grant number EB00364. MB also wishes to acknowledge Carnegie Mellon University for faculty start-up funds.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Ballou, B. et al. (2009). Imaging Vasculature and Lymphatic Flow in Mice Using Quantum Dots. In: Rich, P., Douillet, C. (eds) Bioluminescence. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 574. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-321-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-321-3_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-320-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-321-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols