Skip to main content

Eicosanoids: Generation and Detection in Mammalian Cells

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Lipid Signaling Protocols

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 462))

Abstract

Eicosanoids are 20-carbon lipids generated by the oxidation of arachidonic acid that are involved in physiological signaling in virtually all organ systems. Three primary enzymatic pathways are responsible for their synthesis in mammalian cells: lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, and cytochrome P450. They signal through receptor-dependent pathways, and their dysregulation is central to numerous pathological states including cancer and inflammation. Recent advances in their detection and analysis using mass spectrometry have made the study of these molecules more accessible to the research community in general. This review focuses on the available methods for the detection and analysis of eicosanoids and aims to act as a guide for those wishing to approach the analysis of eicosanoids for their own research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Chiang N, Arita M, Serhan CN. Anti-inflammatory circuitry: Lipoxin, aspirin-triggered lipoxins and their receptor ALX. Prostagl Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005;73:163–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Marcheselli VL, Hong S, Lukiw WJ, et al. Novel docosanoids inhibit brain ischemia-reperfusion-mediated leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory gene expression. J Biol Chem 2003;278:43807–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Topper JN, Cai J, Falb D, Gimbrone MA, Jr. Identification of vascular endothelial genes differentially responsive to fluid mechanical stimuli: Cyclooxygenase-2, manganese superoxide dismutase, and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase are selectively up-regulated by steady laminar shear stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:10417–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Nirodi CS, Crews BC, Kozak KR, Morrow JD, Marnett LJ. The glyceryl ester of prostaglandin E2 mobilizes calcium and activates signal transduction in RAW264.7 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:1840–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ Glycerylprostaglandin synthesis by resident peritoneal macrophages in response to a zymosan stimulus. J Biol Chem 2005;280:26690–700.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kozak KR, Rowlinson SW, Marnett LJ. Oxygenation of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonylglycerol, to glyceryl prostaglandins by cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 2000;275:33744–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Simmons DL, Botting RM, Robertson PM, Madsen ML, Vane JR. Induction of an acetaminophen-sensitive cyclooxygenase with reduced sensitivity to nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:3275–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Maier KG, Roman RJ. Cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid in the control of renal function. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2001;10:81–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Oliw EH, Bylund J, Herman C. Bisallylic hydroxylation and epoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by cytochrome P450. Lipids 1996;31:1003–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hsi LC, Wilson L, Nixon J, Eling TE. 15-Lipoxygenase-1 metabolites down-regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma via the MAPK signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2001;276:34545–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hsi LC, Wilson LC, Eling TE. Opposing effects of 15-lipoxygenase-1 and -2 metabolites on MAPK signaling in prostate. Alteration in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J Biol Chem 2002;277:40549–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Nagy L, Tontonoz P, Alvarez JG, Chen H, Evans RM. Oxidized LDL regulates macrophage gene expression through ligand activation of PPARgamma. Cell 1998;93:229–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Shappell SB, Gupta RA, Manning S, et al. 15S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and inhibits proliferation in PC3 prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2001;61:497–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Willson TM, Lehmann JM, Kliewer SA. Discovery of ligands for the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996;804:276–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Patricia MK, Natarajan R, Dooley AN, et al. Adenoviral delivery of a leukocyte-type 12 lipoxygenase ribozyme inhibits effects of glucose and platelet-derived growth factor in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2001;88:659–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Daniel VC, Minton TA, Brown NJ, Nadeau JH, Morrow JD. Simplified assay for the quantification of 2,3-dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1994;653:117–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Morrow JD, Minton TA. Improved assay for the quantification of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 1993;612:179–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Murphy RC, Barkley RM, Zemski Berry K, et al. Electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry of eicosanoids. Anal Biochem 2005;346:1–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang R, Brennan ML, Shen Z, et al. Myeloperoxidase functions as a major enzymatic catalyst for initiation of lipid peroxidation at sites of inflammation. J Biol Chem 2002;277:46116–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lebaron FN, Folch J. The effect of pH and salt concentration on aqueous extraction of brain proteins and lipoproteins. J Neurochem 1959;4:1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 1959;37:911–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Powell WS. Separation of unlabeled metabolites of arachidonic acid from their deuterium- and tritium-labeled analogs by argentation high-pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1983;128:93–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Metz SA, Hall ME, Harper TW, Murphy RC. Rapid extraction of leukotrienes from biologic fluids and quantitation by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1982;233:193–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Vrbanac JJ, Cox JW, Eller TD, Knapp DR. Immunoaffinity purification-chromatographic analysis of arachidonic acid metabolites. In Murphy RC, Fitzpatric FA, eds. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 187. San Diego: Academic Press; 1990:62–70.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chiabrando C, Benigni A, Piccinelli A, et al. Antibody-mediated extraction/negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometric measurement of thromboxane B2 and 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2 in human and rat urine. Anal Biochem 1987;163:255–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Barrow SE, Ward PS, Sleightholm MA, Ritter JM, Dollery CT. Cigarette smoking: Profiles of thromboxane- and prostacyclin-derived products in human urine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;993:121–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Taylor IK, Ward PS, O'Shaughnessy KM, et al. Thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in acute asthma and after antigen challenge. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:119–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Moore K, Ward PS, Taylor GW, Williams R. Systemic and renal production of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin in decompensated liver disease and hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroenterology 1991;100:1069–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mitchell MD. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha: Preliminary observations on circulating concentrations. Prostaglandins Med 1978;1:13–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Vermylen J, Defreyn G, Carreras LO, Machin SJ, Van Schaeren J, Verstraete M. Thromboxane synthetase inhibition as antithrombotic strategy. Lancet 1981;1:1073–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. FitzGerald GA, Brash AR, Falardeau P, Oates JA. Estimated rate of prostacyclin secretion into the circulation of normal man. J Clin Invest 1981;68:1272–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Blair IA, Barrow SE, Waddell KA, Lewis PJ, Dollery CT. Prostacyclin is not a circulating hormone in man. Prostaglandins 1982;23:579–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Barrow SE, Taylor GW. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of eicosanoids. In Benedetto C, McDonald-Gibson RG, Nigam S, Slater TF, eds. Prostaglandins and Related Substances: A Practical Approach. Oxford: IRL Press; 1987:99–142.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Powell WS. Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of arachidonic acid metabolites formed by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenases. Anal Biochem 1985;148:59–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Powell WS. Precolumn extraction and reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Anal Biochem 1987;164:117–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Serhan CN. On the relationship between leukotriene and lipoxin production by human neutrophils: Evidence for differential metabolism of 15-HETE and 5-HETE. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;1004:158–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Muller M, Sorrell TC. Quantitation of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1985;343:213–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Huber M, Kastner S, Scholmerich J, Gerok W, Keppler D. Analysis of cysteinyl leukotrienes in human urine: Enhanced excretion in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 1989;19:53–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Taylor GW, Taylor I, Black P, et al. Urinary leukotriene E4 after antigen challenge and in acute asthma and allergic rhinitis. Lancet 1989;1:584–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Manning PJ, Rokach J, Malo JL, et al. Urinary leukotriene E4 levels during early and late asthmatic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;86:211–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ackman RG. Straight chain fatty acids. In Mangold HK, ed. CRC Handbook of Chromatography: Lipids. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1984:95–240.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Body DR. Branch chain fatty acids. In Mangold HK, ed. CRC Handbook of Chromatography: Lipids. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1984:241–75.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Valerie B. O’Donnell .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

O’Donnell, V.B., Maskrey, B., Taylor, G.W. (2009). Eicosanoids: Generation and Detection in Mammalian Cells. In: Larijani, B., Woscholski, R., Rosser, C. (eds) Lipid Signaling Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 462. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-115-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-115-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-727-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-115-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics