Skip to main content

Quality Control of Microarray Assays for Toxicogenomic and In Vitro Diagnostic Applications

  • Protocol
Essential Concepts in Toxicogenomics

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology™ ((MIMB,volume 460))

Summary

The generation of high-quality microarray data for toxicogenomics can be affected by the study design and methods used for sample acquisition, preparation, and processing. Bias can be introduced during animal treatment, tissue handling, and sample preparation. Metrics and controls used in assessing RNA integrity and the quality of microarray sample generation are reviewed in this chapter. Regulations and guidelines involved in the application of microarrays as a commercial in vitro diagnostic device are also described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Waring, J.F., Jolly, R.A., Ciurlionis, R., Lum, P.Y., Praestgaard, J.T., Morfitt, D.C., et al. (2001) Clustering of hepatotoxins based on mechanism of toxicity using gene expression profiles. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol . 175, 28–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Thomas, R.S., Rank, D.R., Penn, S.G., Zastrow, G.M., Hayes, K.R., Pande, K., et al. (2001) Identification of toxicologically predictive gene sets using cDNA microarrays. Mol. Pharmacol. 60, 1189–1194.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Pennie, W., Pettit, S.D., and Lord, P.G. (2004) Toxicogenomics in Risk Assessment: an overview of an HESI collaborative research program. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 417–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Shi, L., Reid, L.H., Jones, W.D., Shippy, R., Warrington, J.A., Baker, S.C. et al. (2006) The MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC) project shows inter- and intraplatform reproducibility of gene expression measurements. Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 1151–1161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bammler, T., Beyer, R.P., Bhattacharya, S., Boorman, G.A., Boyles, A., Bradford, B.U. et al. (2005) Standardizing global gene expression analysis between laboratories and across platforms. Nat. Methods 2, 351–356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kuo, W.P., Liu, F., Trimarchi, J., Punzo, C., Lombardi, M., Sarang, J. et al. (2006) A sequence-oriented comparison of gene expression measurements across different hybridization-based technologies. Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 832–840.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hoffman, E.P., Awad, T., Palma, J., Webster, T., Hubbell, E., Warrington, J.A., et al. (2004) Expression profiling – best practices for data generation and interpretation in clinical trials. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5, 229–237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dumur, C.I., Nasim, S., Best, A.M., Archer, K.J., Ladd, A.C., Mas, V.R., et al. (2004) Evaluation of quality-control criteria for microarray gene expression analysis. Clin. Chem. 50, 1994–2002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Carter, D.E., Robinson, J.F., Allister, E.M., Huff, M.W., and Hegele, R.A. (2005) Quality assessment of microarray experiments. Clin. Biochem. 38, 639–642.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Benes, V. and Muckenthaler, M. (2003) Standardization of protocols in cDNA microarray analysis. TRENDS Biochem. Sci. 28, 244–249.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. External RNA Controls Consortium. (2005) The external RNA controls consortium: a progress report. Nat. Methods 2, 731–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Thompson, K.L., Rosenzweig, B.A., Pine, P.S., Retief, J., Turpaz, Y., Afshari, C.A., et al. (2005) Use of a mixed tissue RNA design for performance assessments on multiple microarray formats. Nucleic Acids Res., 33, e187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mattes, W.B., Pettit, S.D., Sansone, S-A., Bushel, P.R., and Waters, M.D. (2004) Database development in toxicogenomics: issues and efforts. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 495–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Reid, L.H. and Casey, S. (2005) The value of a proficiency testing program to monitor performance in microarray laboratories. Pharm. Disc. 5, 20–25.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Food and Drug Administration. Table of valid genomic biomarkers in the context of approved drug labels. Available at www.fda.gov/cder/genomics/genomic_biomarkers_table.htm.

  16. Ganter, B., Tugendreich, S., Pearson, C., Ayanoglu, E., Baumhueter, S., Bostian, K., et al. (2005) Development of a large-scale chemogenomics database to improve drug candidate selection and to understand mechanisms of chemical toxicity and action. J. Biotechnol. 119, 219–244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. HESI Committee on the Application of Genomics in Mechanism-Based Risk Assessment, Baseline Animal Data Working Group. Available at www.hesiglobal.org/Committees/TechnicalCommittees/Genomics/default.htm.

  18. Akhtar, R.A., Reddy, A.B., Maywood, E.S., Clayton, J.D., King, V.M., Smtih, A.G., et al. (2002) Circadian cycling of the mouse liver transcriptome, as revealed by cDNA microarray is driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Curr. Biol. 12, 540–550.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Storch, K.F., Lipan, O., Leykin, I., Viswanathan, N., Davis, F.C., Wong, W.H., and Weitz, C.J. (2002) Extensive and divergent circadian gene expression in liver and heart. Nature 417, 78–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kita, Y., Shiozawa, M., Jin, W., Majewski, R.R., Besharse, J.C., Greene, A.S., and Jacob, H.J. (2002) Implications of circadian gene expression in kidney, liver and the effects of fasting on pharmacogenomic studies. Pharmacogenetics 12, 55–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Boorman, G.A., Blackshear, P.E., Parker, J.S., Lobenhofer, E.K., Malarkey, D.E., Vallant, M.K., et al. (2005) Hepatic gene expression changes throughout the day in the Fischer rat: Implications for toxicogenomic experiments. Toxicol. Sci. 86, 185–193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Watson, W.H., Dahm, L.J., and Jones, D.P. (2003) Mechanisms of chemically induced liver disease, In: Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease, Vol. II (Zakim, D. and Boyer, T.D., eds.), Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 739–753.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Morgan, K.T., Jayyosi, Z., Hower, M.A., Pino, M.V., Connolly, T.M., Kotlenga, K., et al. (2005) The hepatic transcriptome as a window on whole-body physiology and pathophysiology. Toxicol. Pathol. 33, 136–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H., Sakaki, Y., and Menaker, M. (2001) Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science 291, 490–493.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Takashima, K., Mizukawa, Y., Morishita, K., Okuyama, M., Kasahara, T., Toritsuka, N., et al. (2006) Effect of the difference in vehicles on gene expression in the rat liver—analysis of the control data in the Toxicogenomics Project Database. Life Sci. 78, 2787–2796.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sakamoto, A., Imai, J., Nishikawa, A., Honma, R., Ito, E., Yanagisawa, Y., et al. (2005) Influence of inhalation anesthesia assessed by comprehensive gene expression profiling. Gene 356, 39–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Boorman, G.A., Irwin, R.D., Vallant, M.K., Gerken, D.K., Lobenhofer, E.K., Hejtmancik, M.R., et al. (2005) Variation in the hepatic gene expression in individual male Fischer rats. Toxicol. Pathol. 33, 102–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Whitney, A.R., Diehn, M., Popper, S.J., Alizadeh, A.A., Boldrick, J.C., Relman, D.A., Brown, P.O. (2003) Individuality and variation in gene expression patterns in human blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100, 1896–1901.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Waters, M.D. and Fostel, J.M. (2004) Toxicogenomics and systems toxicology: aims and prospects. Nat. Genet. 5, 936–948.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Irwin, R.D., Parker, J.S., Lobenhofer, E.K., Burka, L.T., Blackshear, P.E., Vallant, M.K., et al. (2005) Transcriptional profiling of the left and median liver lobes of male f344/n rats following exposure to acetaminophen. Toxicol. Pathol. 33, 111–117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hamadeh, H.K., Jayadev, S., Gaillard, E.T., Huang, Q., Stoll, R., Blanchard, K., et al. (2004) Integration of clinical and gene expression endpoints to explore furan-mediated hepatotoxicity. Mutat. Res. 549, 169–183.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pine, P., Rosenzweig, B.A., Turpaz, Y., and Thompson, K. (2007) Characterization of alterations in rat liver microarray data induced by tissue handling. BMC Biotechnol. 7, 57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Srinivasan, M., Sedmak, D., and Jewell, S. (2002) Effect of fixatives and tissue processing on the content and integrity of nucleic acids. Am. J. Pathol. 161, 1961–1971.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lewis, F., Maughan, N.J., Smith, V., Hillan, K., and Quirke, P. (2001) Unlocking the archive—gene expression in paraffin-embedded tissue. J. Pathol. 195, 66–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Michel, C., Desdouets, C., Sacre-Salem, B., Gautier, J.C., Roberts, R., and Boitier, E. (2003) Liver gene expression profiles of rats treated with clofibric acid: comparison of whole liver and laser capture microdissected liver. Am. J. Pathol. 163, 2191–2199.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Luzzi, V., Mahadevappa, M., Raja, R., Warrington, J.A., Watson, M.A. (2003) Accurate and reproducible gene expression profiles from laser capture microdissection, transcript amplification, and high density oligonucleotide microarray analysis. J. Mol. Diagn. 5, 9–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Baechler, E.C., Batliwalla, F.M., Karypis, G., Gaffney, P.M., Moser, K., Ortmann, W.A., et al. (2004) Expression levels for many genes in human peripheral blood cells are highly sensitive to ex vivo incubation. Genes Immun. 5, 347–353.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Debey, S., Schoenbeck, U., Hellmich, M., Gathof, B.S., Pillai, R., Zander, T., and Schultze, J.L. (2004) Comparison of different isolation techniques prior gene expression profiling of blood derived cells: impact on physiological responses, on overall expression and the role of different cell types. Pharmacogenomics J. 4, 193–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Rainen, L., Oelmueller, U., Jurgensen, S., Wyrich, R., Ballas, C., Schram, J., et al. (2002) Stabilization of mRNA expression in whole blood samples. Clin. Chem. 48, 1883–1890.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Affymetrix. Technical Note: Globin reduction protocol: a method for processing whole blood RNA samples for improved array results. Available at www.affymetrix.com/support/technical/technotes/blood2_technote.pdf.

  41. Lu, Q., Cao, T., Zhang, Z., and Liu, W. (2004) Multiple gene differential expression pattersn in huma ischemic liver: Safe limit of warm ischemic time. World J. Gastroenterol. 10, 2130–2133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cronin, M., Ghosh, K., Sistare, F., Quackenbush, J., Vilker, V., and O’Connell, C. (2004) Universal RNA reference materials for gene expression. Clin. Chem., 50 1464–1471.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Imbeaud, S., Graudens, E., Boulanger, V., Barlet, X., Zaborski, P., Eveno, E., et al. (2005) Towards standardization of RNA quality assessment using user-independent classifiers of microcapillary electrophoresis traces. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Schroeder, A., Mueller, O., Stocker, S., Salowsky, R., Leiber, M., Gassmann, M., et al. (2006) The RIN: an RNA integrity number for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements. BMC Mol. Biol. 7, 3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Auer, H., Lyianarachchi, S., Newsom, D., Klisovic, M.I., Marcucci, G., and Kornacker, K. (2003) Chipping away at the chip bias: RNA degradation in microarray analysis. Nat. Genet. 35, 292–293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Columbus Children’s Research Institute, Degradometer v.1.41 software. Available at www.dnaarrays.org.

  47. Ambion Technical Bulletin. Available at www.ambion.com/techlib/tn/83/8311.html.

  48. Fare, T.L., Coffey, E.M., Dai, H., He, Y.D., Kessler, D.A., Kilian, K.A., et al. (2003) Effects of atmospheric ozone on microarray data quality. Anal. Chem. 75 4672–4675.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tong, W., Lucas, A.B., Shippy, R., Fan, X., Fang, H., Hong, H. et al. (2006) Evaluation of external RNA controls for the assessment of microarray performance. Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 1132–1139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2006) Use of External RNA Controls in Gene Expression Assays; Approved Guideline. CLSI document MM16-A. Wayne, PA, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Sharov, V., Kwong, K.Y., Frank, B., Chen, E., Hasseman, J., Gaspard, R., et al. (2004) The limits of log-ratios. BMC Biotechnol. 4, 3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. ILSI. Report from ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Technical Committee on the Application of Genomics to Mechanism-Based Risk Assessment. Available at dels.nas.edu/emergingissues/docs/Pettit.pdf.

  53. Finkelstein, D.B. (2005) Trends in the quality of data from 5168 oligonucleotide microarrays from a single facility. J. Biomol. Techiques 16, 143–153.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Affymetrix. Statistical Applications Description Document. Available at www.affymetrix.com/support/technical/whitepapers/sadd_whitepaper.pdf.

  55. Jones, L., Goldstein, D.R., Hughes, G., Strand, A.D., Collin, F., Dunnett, S.B., et al. (2006) Assessment of the relationship between pre-chip and post-chip quality measures for Affymetrix GeneChip expression data. BMC Bioinformatics 7, 211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. External RNA Controls Consortium. (2005) Proposed methods for testing and selecting the ERCC external RNA controls. BMC Genomics 6, 150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act. Section 201. 21 United States Code (USC) 321.

    Google Scholar 

  58. FDA. Industry Support. Available at www.fda.gov/cdrh/industry/support/.

  59. 21 CFR 862.9.

    Google Scholar 

  60. 21 CFR 807.81, 807.87, 807.92.

    Google Scholar 

  61. 21 CFR Part 814.

    Google Scholar 

  62. FDA. Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Device Evaluation and Safety. Available at www.fda.gov/cdrh/oivd/index.html.

  63. FDA. Information on Releasable 510 (k)s Available at www.fda.gov/cdrh/510khome.html.

  64. 21 CFR 812.2 (c).

    Google Scholar 

  65. FDA. Pre-IDE Program: Issues and Answers. Issued March 25, 1999. Available at www.fda.gov/cdrh/ode/d99–1.html.

  66. 21 CFR 862, Subpart D.

    Google Scholar 

  67. FDA. Class II Special Control Guidance Document: Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus Assays; Guidance for Industry and FDA. Issued September 16, 2002. Available at www.fda.gov/cdrh/ode/guidance/1380.html.

  68. FDA. Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Drug Metabolizing Enzyme Genotyping System. Issued March 10, 2005. Available at www.fda.gov/cdrh/oivd/guidance/1551.html.

  69. FDA. System, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, Gene Mutation Detection. Available at www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfivd/index.cfm?db=PMN8id=K043011.

  70. FDA. Drug-Diagnostic Co-development Concept Paper. Issued April 2005. Available at www.fda.gov/cder/genomics/pharmacoconceptfn.pdf.

Download references

Acknowledgment

This article represents the professional opinions and statements of the authors and is not an official document, guidance, or policy of the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), or the FDA, nor should any official endorsement be inferred.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Thompson, K.L., Hackett, J. (2008). Quality Control of Microarray Assays for Toxicogenomic and In Vitro Diagnostic Applications. In: Mendrick, D.L., Mattes, W.B. (eds) Essential Concepts in Toxicogenomics. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 460. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-638-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-048-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics