Summary
The mouse is now firmly established as the model organism of choice for scientists studying mammalian biology and human disease. Consequently, a plethora of novel, genetically altered (GA) mouse lines have been created. In addition, the output from the large scale mutagenesis programmes currently under way around the world will increase the collection of GA mouse strains still further. Because of the implications for animal welfare and the constraints on resources, it would be unreasonable to expect anything other than those strains essential for ongoing research programmes to be maintained as breeding colonies. Unfortunately, unless the redundant strains are preserved using robust procedures, which guarantee their recovery, they will be lost to future generations of researchers.
This chapter describes some of the preservation methods currently used in laboratories around the world to archive novel mouse strains.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Whittingham, D.G., Leibo, S.P. and Mazur, P. (1972) Survival of mouse embryos frozen to −196 degrees and −269 degrees C. Science, 178, 411–414
Wilmut, I. (1972) The effect of cooling rate, warming rate, cryoprotective agent and stage of development on survival of mouse embryos during freezing and thawing. Life Sci II, 11, 1071–1079
Whittingham, D.G. (1974) Embryo banks in the future of developmental genetics. Genetics, 78, 395–402
Parrott, D.M.V. (1958) Fertility of orthotopic ovarian grafts. Stud Fertil, 9, 137
Parrott, D.M.V. (1960) The fertility of mice with orthotopic ovarian grafts derived from frozen tissue. J Reprod Fert, 1, 230
Carroll, J. and Gosden, R.G. (1993) Transplantation of frozen-thawed mouse primordial follicles. Hum Reprod, 8, 1163–1167
Candy, C.J., Wood, M.J. and Whittingham, D.G. (2000) Restoration of a normal reproductive lifespan after grafting of cryopreserved mouse ovaries. Hum Reprod, 15, 1300–1304
Gunasena, K.T., Villines, P.M., Critser, E.S. and Critser, J.K. (1997) Live births after autologous transplant of cryopreserved mouse ovaries. Hum Reprod, 12, 101–106
Sztein, J., Sweet, H., Farley, J. and Mobraaten, L. (1998) Cryopreservation and orthotopic transplantation of mouse ovaries: new approach in gamete banking. Biol Reprod, 58, 1071–1074
Whittingham, D.G. (1977) Fertilization in vitro and development to term of unfertilized mouse oocytes previously stored at −196 degrees C. J Reprod Fertil, 49, 89–94
Polge, C., Smith, A.U. and Parkes, A.S. (1949) Revival of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures. Nature, 164, 666
Songsasen, N. and Leibo, S.P. (1997) Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa. II. Relationship between survival after cryopreservation and osmotic tolerance of spermatozoa from three strains of mice. Cryobiology, 35, 255–269
Nakagata, N. (2000) Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa. Mamm Genome, 11, 572–576
Sztein, J.M., Farley, J.S., Young, A.F. and Mobraaten, L.E. (1997) Motility of cryopreserved mouse spermatozoa affected by temperature of collection and rate of thawing. Cryobiology, 35, 46–52
Sztein, J.M., Farley, J.S. and Mobraaten, L.E. (2000) In vitro fertilization with cryopreserved inbred mouse sperm. Biol Reprod, 63, 1774–1780
Tada, N., Sato, M., Yamanoi, J., Mizorogi, T., Kasai, K. and Ogawa, S. (1990) Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa in the presence of raffinose and glycerol. J Reprod Fertil, 89, 511–516
Okuyama, M., Isogai, S., Saga, M., Hamada, H. and Ogawa S. (1990) In vitro fertilization (IVF) and artificial insemination (AI) by cryopreserved spermatozoa in mouse. J Fertil Implant, 7, 116
Takeshima, T., Nakagata, N. and Ogawa, S. (1991) Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa. Exp Anim, 40, 493–497
Nakagata, N. (1994) Cryopreservation of embryos and gametes in mice. Exp Anim, 43, 11–18
Thornton, C.E., Brown, S.D. and Glenister, P.H. (1999) Large numbers of mice established by in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved spermatozoa: implications and applications for genetic resource banks, mutagenesis screens, and mouse backcrosses. Mamm Genome, 10, 987–992
Mazur, P., Leibo, S.P. and Seidel, G.E., Jr. (2008) Cryopreservation of the germplasm of animals used in biological and medical research: importance, impact, status, and future directions. Biol Reprod, 78, 2–12
Glenister, P.H. and Rall, W.F. (2000) In: Abbott, C., JAckson, I.J (eds.), Mouse genetics and transgenics, a practical approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. Chap. 2
Rall, W.F. and Wood, M.J. (1994) High in vitro and in vivo survival of day 3 mouse embryos vitrified or frozen in a non-toxic solution of glycerol and albumin. J Reprod Fertil, 101, 681–688
Kasai, M. (1997) Cryopreservation of mammalian embryos. Mol Biotechnol, 7, 173–179
Renard, J.P. and Babinet, C. (1984) High survival of mouse embryos after rapid freezing and thawing inside plastic straws with 1-2 propanediol as cryoprotectant. J Exp Zool, 230, 443–448
Quwailid, M.M., Hugill, A., Dear, N., Vizor, L., Wells, S., Horner, E., Fuller, S., Weedon, J., McMath, H., Woodman, P. et al (2004) A gene-driven ENU-based approach to generating an allelic series in any gene. Mamm Genome, 15, 585–591
Nakagata, N. and Takeshima, T. (1993) Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa from inbred and F1 hybrid strains. Exp Anim, 42, 317
Bath, M.L. (2003) Simple and efficient in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved C57BL/6J mouse sperm. Biol Reprod, 68, 19–23
Nakagata, N., Okamoto, M., Ueda, O. and Suzuki, H. (1997) Positive effect of partial zona-pellucida dissection on the in vitro fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved C57BL/6J transgenic mouse spermatozoa of low motility. Biol Reprod, 57, 1050–1055
Takeo, T., Hoshii, T., Kondo, Y., Toyodome, H., Arima, H., Yamamura, K., Irie, T. and Nakagata, N. (2008) Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin improves fertilizing ability of C57BL/6 mouse sperm after freezing and thawing by facilitating cholesterol efflux from the cells. Biol Reprod, 78, 546–551
Ostermeier CG, W.M., Farley, JS, Taft RA (2008) Conserving, distributing and managing genetically modified mouse lines by sperm cryopreservation. Plos ONE, 3, e2792
Nakagata, N. (2000) Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa. Mamm Genome, 11, 572
Wakayama, T. and Yanagimachi, R. (1998) Development of normal mice from oocytes injected with freeze-dried spermatozoa. Nat Biotechnol, 16, 639–641
Kaneko, T., Whittingham, D.G., Overstreet, J.W. and Yanagimachi, R. (2003) Tolerance of the mouse sperm nuclei to freeze-drying depends on their disulfide status. Biol Reprod, 69, 1859–1862
Ward, M.A., Kaneko, T., Kusakabe, H., Biggers, J.D., Whittingham, D.G. and Yanagimachi, R. (2003) Long-term preservation of mouse spermatozoa after freeze-drying and freezing without cryoprotection. Biol Reprod, 69, 2100–2108
Kusakabe, H., Szczygiel, M.A., Whittingham, D.G. and Yanagimachi, R. (2001) Maintenance of genetic integrity in frozen and freeze-dried mouse spermatozoa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 13501–13506
Ogonuki, N., Mochida, K., Miki, H., Inoue, K., Fray, M., Iwaki, T., Moriwaki, K., Obata, Y., Morozumi, K., Yanagimachi, R. et al (2006) Spermatozoa and spermatids retrieved from frozen reproductive organs or frozen whole bodies of male mice can produce normal offspring. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 13098–13103
Kaneko, T. and Nakagata, N. (2006) Improvement in the long-term stability of freeze-dried mouse spermatozoa by adding of a chelating agent. Cryobiology, 53, 279–282
Carroll, J., Wood, M.J. and Whittingham, D.G. (1993) Normal fertilization and development of frozen-thawed mouse oocytes: protective action of certain macromolecules. Biol Reprod, 48, 606–612
Nakagata, N. (1989) High survival rate of unfertilized mouse oocytes after vitrification. J Reprod Fertil, 87, 479–483
Parkes, A.S. (1957) Viability of ovarian tissue after freezing. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 147, 520–528
Cox, S.L., Shaw, J. and Jenkin, G. (1996) Transplantation of cryopreserved fetal ovarian tissue to adult recipients in mice. J Reprod Fertil, 107, 315–322
Nakao, K., Nakagata, N. and Katsuki, M. (1997) Simple and efficient vitrification procedure for cryopreservation of mouse embryos. Exp Anim, 46, 231–234
Dinnyes, A., Wallace, G.A. and Rall, W.F. (1995) Effect of genotype on the efficiency of mouse embryo cryopreservation by vitrification or slow freezing methods. Mol Reprod Dev, 40, 429–435
Byers, S.L., Payson, S.J. and Taft, R.A. (2006) Performance of ten inbred mouse strains following assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Theriogenology, 65, 1716–1726
Whittingham, D.G., Lyon, M.F. and Glenister, P.H. (1977) Long-term storage of mouse embryos at−196 degrees C: the effect of background radiation. Genet Res, 29, 171–181
Glenister, P.H., Whittingham, D.G. and Lyon, M.F. (1984) Further studies on the effect of radiation during the storage of frozen 8-cell mouse embryos at −196 degrees C. J Reprod Fertil, 70, 229–234
Kaneko, T., Yamamura, A., Ide, Y., Ogi, M., Yanagita, T. and Nakagata, N. (2006) Long-term cryopreservation of mouse sperm. Theriogenology, 66, 1098–1101
Liebo, S.P., Semple, M.E. and Kroetsch, T.G. (1994) In vitro fertilisation of oocytes by 37-year-old cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa. Theriogenology, 42, 429
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Fray, M.D. (2009). Biological Methods for Archiving and Maintaining Mutant Laboratory Mice. Part I: Conserving Mutant Strains. In: Cartwright, E. (eds) Transgenesis Techniques. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 561. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-019-9_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-019-9_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-018-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-019-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols