Summary
Advanced glycation end products are permanently modified protein derivatives formed in the presence of reducing sugars, such as glucose, fructose, hexose-phosphates, trioses, and triose-phosphates by non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation (“glycoxidation”) reactions and further irreversible rearrangements. Numerous studies have revealed the pivotal role of protein glycoxidation in the pathogeneses of diabetes-related and age-related diseases. Protein glycoxidation is generally recognized both as a hallmark and as a promoter for progression of diabetes-related and age-related ailments, particularly in cardiovascular system such as increased vascular and myocardial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, altered vascular injury responses, and atherosclerotic plaque formation. An appropriate surveillance on abnormal protein glycoxidation at an early stage of disease progression is of clinical and practical importance to handle diabetes-related and age-related cardiovascular complications especially those leading to ventricular dysfunction.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sensi, M., Pricci, F., Andreani, D., and Di Mario, U. (1991) Advanced nonenzymatic glycation endproducts (AGE): their relevance to aging and the pathogenesis of late diabetic complications. Diabetes Res. 16, 1–9.
Brownlee, M. (1995) Advanced protein glycosylation in diabetes and aging. Annu. Rev. Med. 46, 223–234.
Vlassara, H., and Palace, M.R. (2003) Glycoxidation: the menace of diabetes and aging. Mt. Sinai. J. Med. 70, 232–241.
Kass, D.A. (2003) Getting better without AGE: new insights into the diabetic heart. Circ. Res. 92, 704–706.
Dawnay, A., and Millar, D.J. (1998) The pathogenesis and consequences of AGE formation in uraemia and its treatment. Cell Mol. Biol. 44, 1081–1094.
Brownlee, M. (2000) Negative consequences of glycation. Metabolism 49, 9–13.
Peppa, M., Uribarri, J., and Vlassara H. (2002) Advanced glycoxidation. A new risk factor for cardiovascular disease? Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 2, 275–287.
Meli, M., Frey, J., and Perier C. (2003) Native protein glycoxidation and aging. J. Nutr. Health Aging. 7, 263–266.
Tsukahara, H., Ohta, N., Sato, S., Hiraoka, M., Shukunami, K., Uchiyama, M., Kawakami, H., Sekine, K., and Mayumi, M. (2004) Concentrations of pentosidine, an advanced glycation end-product, in umbilical cord blood. Free Radic. Res. 38, 691–695.
Knott, H.M., Brown, B.E., Davies, M.J., and Dean, R.T. (2003) Glycation and glycoxidation of low-density lipoproteins by glucose and low-molecular mass aldehydes. Formation of modified and oxidized particles. Eur. J. Biochem. 270, 3572–3582.
Aronson, D. (2003) Cross-linking of glycation collagen in the pathogenesis of arterial and myocardial stiffening of aging and diabetes. J. Hypertens. 21, 3–12.
Morgan, P.E., Dean, R.T., and Davies, M.J. (2002) Inactivation of cellular enzymes by carbonyls and protein-bound glycation/glycoxidation products. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 403, 259–269.
Cai, W., He, J.C., Zhu, L., Peppa, M., Lu, C., Uribarri J., and Vlassara H. (2004) High levels of dietary advanced glycation end products transform low-density lipoprotein into a potent redox-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinase stimulant in diabetic patients. Circulation 110, 285–291.
Zieman, S.J. and Kass, D.A. (2004) Advanced glycation endproduct crosslinking in the cardiovascular system: potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease. Drugs 64, 459–470.
Forbes, J.M., Yee, L.T., Thallas, V., Lassila, M., Candido, R., Jandeleit-Dahm, K.A., Thomas, M.C., Burns, W.C., Deemer, E.K., Thorpe, S.M., Cooper, M.E., and Allen, T.J. (2004) Advanced glycation end product interventions reduce diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. Diabetes 53, 1813–1823.
Li, S.Y., Du, M., Dolence, E.K., Fang, C.X., Mayer, G.E., Ceylan-Isik, A.F., LaCour, K.H., Yang, X., Wilbert, C.J., Sreejayan, N., and Ren J. (2005) Aging induces cardiac diastolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts and protein modification. Aging Cell 4, 57–64.
Luth, H.J., Ogunlade, V., Kuhla, B., Kientsch-Engel, R., Stahl, P., Webster, J., Arendt, T., and Munch, G. (2005) Age- and stage-dependent accumulation of advanced glycation end products in intracellular deposits in normal and Alzheimer’s disease brains. Cereb. Cortex. 15, 211–220.
Simm, A., Casselmann, C., Schubert, A., Hofmann, S., Reimann, A., and Silber, R.E. (2004) Age associated changes of AGE-receptor expression: RAGE upregulation is associated with human heart dysfunction. Exp. Gerontol. 39, 407–413.
Dukic-Stefanovic, S., Schinzel, R., Riederer, P., and Munch, G. AGEs in brain ageing: AGE-inhibitors as neuroprotective and anti-dementia drugs? (2001) Biogerontology 2, 19–34.
Bakris, G.L., Bank, A.J., Kass, D.A., Neutel, J.M., Preston, R.A., and Oparil, S. (2004) Advanced glycation end-product cross-link breakers: a novel approach to cardiovascular pathologies related to the aging process. Am. J. Hypertens. 17, S23–S30.
Molloy, M.P., Herbert, B.R., William, K.L., and Gooley, A.A. (1999) Extraction of Escherichia coli proteins with organic solvents prior to two-dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 20, 701–714.
Lopez, M.F., Berggren, K., Chernokalskaya, E., Lazarev A., Robinson, M., and Patton W.F. (2000) A comparsion of silver stain and SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain with respect to protein detection in two-dimensional gel and identification by peptide mass profiling. Electrophoresis 21, 3673–3683.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Li, SY., Ren, J. (2007). Assessment of Protein Glycoxidation in Ventricular Tissues. In: Sreejayan, N., Ren, J. (eds) Vascular Biology Protocols. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 139. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-571-8_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-571-8_21
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-574-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-571-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols