Abstract
Information on local dynamics of antibodies is important to evaluate stability, to rationally design variants, and to clarify conformational disorders at the epitope binding sites. Such information may also be useful for improved understanding of antigen recognition. NMR can be used for characterization of local protein dynamics at the atomic level through relaxation measurements. Due to the complexity of the NMR spectra, an extensive use of this method is limited to small protein molecules, for example, antibody domains and some scFv. Here, we describe a protocol that was used to study the dynamics of an antibody domain in solution using NMR. We describe protein preparation for NMR studies, NMR sample optimization, signal assignments, and dynamics experiments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Zhang, X. J., Wozniak, J. A., and Matthews, B. W. (1995) Protein flexibility and adaptability seen in 25 crystal forms of T4 lysozyme. J. Mol. Biol. 250, 527–552.
Walser, R., Hünenberger, P. H., and van Gunsteren, W. F. (2002) Molecular dynamics simulations of a double unit cell in a protein crystal: volume relaxation at constant pressure and correlation of motions between the two unit cells. Proteins 48, 327–340.
Eyal, E., Gerzon, S., Potapov, V., Edelman, M., and Sobolev, V. (2005) The limit of accuracy of protein modeling: influence of crystal packing on protein structure. J. Mol. Biol. 351, 431–442.
Dafforn, T. R. (2007) So how do you know you have a macromolecular complex? Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 63, 17–25.
Palmer, A. G., 3rd (2001) NMR probes of molecular dynamics: overview and comparison with other. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 30, 129–155.
Kay, L. E. (2005) NMR studies of protein structure and dynamics. J. Magn. Reson. 173, 193–207.
Clore, G. M. and Gronenborn, A. M. (1991), Structures of larger proteins in solution: three- and four-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. Science 252, 1390–1399.
Bax, A. (1994) Multidimensional nuclear-magnetic-resonance methods for protein studies. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 4, 738–744.
Tugarinov, V., Levy, R., Dahan-Schokoroy, A., and Anglister, J. (1999) Backbone and C beta assignments of the anti-gp120 antibody Fv fragment complexed with an antigenic peptide. J. Biomol. NMR 13, 193–194.
Vranken, W., Tolkatchev, D., Xu, P., Tanha, J., Chen, Z., Narang, S., and Ni, F. (2002) Solution structure of a llama single-domain antibody with hydrophobic residues typical of the VH/VL interface. Biochemistry 41, 8570–8579.
Kessler, N., Zvi, A., Ji, M., Sharon, M., Rosen, O., Levy, R., Gorny, M., Zolla-Pazner, S., and Anglister, J. (2003) Expression, purification, and isotope labeling of the Fv of the human HIV-1 neutralizing antibody 447–52D for NMR studies. Protein Expr. Purif. 29, 291–303.
Sakakura, M., Takahashi, H., Terasawa, H., Takeuchi, K., Fujii, I., and Shimada, I. (2005) Backbone resonance assignments for the Fv fragment of catalytic antibody 6D9 complexed with a transition state analogue. J. Biomol. NMR 33, 282.
Yamaguchi, Y., Kato, K., Shindo, M., Aoki, S., Furusho, K., Koga, K., Takahashi, N., Arata, Y., and Shimada, I. (1998) Dynamics of the carbohydrate chains attached to the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G as studied by NMR spectroscopy assisted by selective 13C labeling of the glycans. J. Biomol. NMR 12, 385–394.
Matsumiya, S., Yamaguchi, Y., Saito, J., Nagano, M., Sasakawa, H., Otaki, S., Satoh, M., Shitara, K., and Kato, K. (2007) Structural comparison of fucosylated and nonfucosylated Fc fragments of human immunoglobulin G1. J. Mol. Biol. 368, 767–779.
Koenig, B. W., Rogowski, M., and Louis, J. M. (2003) A rapid method to attain isotope labeled small soluble peptides for NMR studies. J. Biomol. NMR 26, 193–202.
Kay, L. E., Torchia, D. A., and Bax, A. (1989) Backbone dynamics of proteins as studied by 15 N inverse detected heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy: application to staphylococcal nuclease. Biochemistry 28, 8972–8979.
Farrow, N. A., Muhandiram, R., Singer, A. U., Pascal, S. M., Kay, C. M., Gish, G., Shoelson, S. E., Pawson, T., Forman-Kay, J. D., and Kay, L. E.,(1994) Backbone dynamics of a free and phosphopeptide-complexed Src homology 2 domain studied by 15 N NMR relaxation. Biochemistry 33, 5984–6003.
Kay, L. E., Ikura, M., Tschudin, R., and Bax, A. (1990) Three-dimensional triple-resonance NMR spectroscopy of isotopically enriched proteins. J. Magn. Reson. 89, 496–514.
Muhandiram, D. R. and Kay, L. E. (1994) Gradient-enhanced triple-resonance 3-dimensional NMR experiments with improved sensitivity. J. Magn. Reson. B 103, 203–216.
LeMaster, D. M. (1990) Deuterium labelling in NMR structural analysis of larger proteins. Q. Rev. Biophys. 23, 133–174.
Kay, L. E. and Gardner, K. H. (1997) Solution NMR spectroscopy beyond 25 kDa. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 7, 722–731.
Wider, G. and Wuthrich, K. (1999) NMR spectroscopy of large molecules and multimolecular assemblies in solution. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 9, 594–601.
Grzesiek, S. and Bax, A. (1993) The importance of not saturating H2O in protein NMR – application to sensitivity enhancement and NOE measurements. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 12593.
Otomo, T., Ito, N., Kyogoku, Y., and Yamazaki, T. (1999) NMR observation of selected segments in a larger protein: central-segment isotope labeling through intein-mediated ligation. Biochemistry 38, 16040–16044.
Xu, R., Ayers, B., Cowburn, D., and Muir, T. W. (1999) Chemical ligation of folded recombinant proteins: segmental isotopic labeling of domains for NMR studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 388–393.
Riek, R., Pervushin, K., and Wuthrich, K. (2000) TROSY and CRINEPT: NMR with large molecular and supramolecular structures in solution. Trends Biochem. Sci. 25, 462–468.
Frueh, D. P., Ito, T., Li, J. S., Wagner, G., Glaser, S. J., and Khaneja, N. (2005) Sensitivity enhancement in NMR of macromolecules by application of optimal control theory. J. Biomol. NMR 32, 23–30.
Skelton, N. J., Palmer, A. G., Akke, M., Kordel, J., Rance, M., and Chazin, W. J. (1993) Practical aspects of 2-dimensional proton-detected N-15 spin relaxation measurements. J. Magn. Reson. B 102, 253–264.
Renner, C., Schleicher, M., Moroder, L., and Holak, T. A. (2002) Practical aspects of the 2D N-15-{H-1}-NOE experiment. J. Biomol. NMR, 23, 23–33.
Gong, Q. and Ishima, R. (2007) 15 N-{1H} NOE experiment at high magnetic field strengths. J. Biomol. NMR 37, 147–157.
Lipari, G. and Szabo, A. (1982) Model-free approach to the interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation in macromolecules. 1. Theory and range of validity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 4546–4559.
Mandel, A. M., Akke, M., and Palmer, A. (1995) Backbone dynamics of Escherichia coli ribonuclease Hi – correlations with structure and function in an active enzyme. J. Mol. Biol. 246, 144–163.
Dosset, P., Hus, J. C., Blackledge, M., and Marion, D. (2000) Efficient analysis of macromolecular rotational diffusion from heteronuclear relaxation data. J. Biomol. NMR 16, 23–28.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. John M. Louis for discussions, and Dr. Stefan Bagby for critical reading of the manuscript. This project was supported by University of Pittsburgh, the NIH Intramural AIDS Targeted Antiviral Program (IATAP), and the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Vu, B.K., Walsh, J., Dimitrov, D.S., Ishima, R. (2009). Dynamics of Antibody Domains Studied by Solution NMR. In: Dimitrov, A. (eds) Therapeutic Antibodies. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 525. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-554-1_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-554-1_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-934115-92-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-554-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols