Summary
Current clinical therapies for traumatic or chronic injuries involving osteochondral tissue result in temporary pain reduction and filling of the defect but with biomechanically inferior repair tissue. Tissue engineering of osteochondral repair tissue using autologous cells and bioactive biomaterials has the potential to overcome the current limitations and results in native-like repair tissue with good integration capabilities. For this reason, we applied two modern biomaterial design techniques, namely, electrospinning and fused deposition modeling (FDM), to produce bioactive poly(ε-caprolactone)/collagen (PCL/Col) type I and type II–PCL-tri-calcium phosphate (TCP)/Col composites for precursor cell-based osteochondral repair. The application of these two design techniques (electrospinning and FDM) allowed us to specifically produce the a suitable three-dimensional (3D) environment for the cells to grow into a particular tissue (cartilage and bone) in vitro prior to in vivo implantation. We hypothesize that our new designed biomaterials, seeded with autologous bone marrow-derived precursor cells, in combination with bioreactor-stimulated cell-culture techniques can be used to produce clinically relevant osteochondral repair tissue.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Messner, K. (1996) The longterm prognosis for severe damage to weight-bearing cartilage in the knee. A 14-year clinical and radiographic follow-up in 28 young athletes. Acta Orthop. Scand. 67, 165–168.
Johnson, L. L. (2001) Arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty: a review. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 391, 306–317.
Hangody, L. (1997) Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of femoral condylar articular defects. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 5, 262–267.
Brittberg, M., Tallheden, T., Sjogren-Jansson, B., Lindahl, A., and Peterson, L. (2001) Autologous chondrocytes used for articular cartilage repair: an update. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 391, 337–348.
Huang, L., Nagapudi, K., Apkarian, R. P., and Chaikof, E. L. (2001) Engineered collagen-PEO nanofibers and fabrics. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 12(9), 979–993.
Huang, Z. M., He, C. L., Yang, A., Zhang, Y., Han, X. J., Yin, J., and Wu, Q. (2006) Encapsulating drugs in biodegradable ultrafine fibers through co-axial electrospinning. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 77, 169–179.
Stitzel, J., Liu, J., Lee, S. J., Komura, M., Berry, J., Soker, S., Lim, G., Van Dyke, M., Czerw, R., Yoo, J. J., and Atala, A. (2006) Controlled fabrication of a biological vascular substitute. Biomaterials 27, 1088–1094.
Matthews, J. A., Wnek, G. E., Simpson, D. G., and Bowlin, G. L. (2002) Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 3, 232–238.
Hutmacher, D. W., Schantz, T., Zein, I., Ng, K. W., Teoh, S. H., and Tan, K. C. (2001) Mechanical properties and cell cultural response of polycaprolactone scaffolds designed and fabricated via fused deposition modeling. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 55, 203–216.
Hutmacher, D. W., Sittinger, M., and Risbud, M. V. (2004) Scaffold-based tissue engineering: rationale for computer-aided design and solid free-form fabrication systems. Trends Biotechnol. 22, 354–362.
Hoque, M. E., Hutmacher, D. W., Feng, W., Li, S., Huang, M. H., Vert, M., and Wong, Y. S. (2005) Fabrication using a rapid prototyping system and in vitro characterization of PEG-PCL-PLA scaffolds for tissue engineering. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 16, 1595–1610.
Schantz, J. T., Brandwood, A., Hutmacher, D. W., Khor, H. L., and Bittner, K. (2005) Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells in computer designed fibrin-polymer-ceramic scaffolds manufactured by fused deposition modeling. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 16, 807–819.
Shao, X. X., Hutmacher, D. W., Ho, S. T., Goh, J. C., and Lee, E. H. (2006) Evaluation of a hybrid scaffold/cell construct in repair of high-load-bearing osteochondral defects in rabbits. Biomaterials 27, 1071–1080.
van Lieshout, M. I., Vaz, C. M., Rutten, M. C., Peters, G. W., and Baaijens, F. P. (2006) Electrospinning versus knitting: two scaffolds for tissue engineering of the aortic valve. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 17, 77–89.
Rai, B., Teoh, S. H., Hutmacher, D. W., Cao, T., and Ho, K. H. (2005) Novel PCL-based honeycomb scaffolds as drug delivery systems for rhBMP-2. Biomaterials 26, 3739–3748.
Rai, B., Teoh, S. H., Ho, K. H., Hutmacher, D. W., Cao, T., Chen, F., and Yacob, K. (2004) The effect of rhBMP-2 on canine osteoblasts seeded onto 3D bioactive polycaprolactone scaffolds. Biomaterials 25, 5499–5506.
Rohner, D., Hutmacher, D. W., Cheng, T. K., Oberholzer, M., and Hammer, B. (2003) In vivo efficacy of bone-marrow-coated polycaprolactone scaffolds for the reconstruction of orbital defects in the pig. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 66, 574–580.
Endres, M., Hutmacher, D. W., Salgado, A. J., Kaps, C., Ringe, J., Reis, R. L., Sittinger, M., Brandwood, A., and Schantz, J. T. (2003) Osteogenic induction of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells in novel synthetic polymer-hydrogel matrices. Tissue Eng. 9, 689–702.
Crump, S. (1992) Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects. US Patent 5121329.
Reneker, D. H., Yarin, A. L., Fong, H., and Koombhongse, S. (2000) Bending instability of electrically liquid jets of polymer solutions in electrospinning. J. Appl. Physiol. 8, 4531–4547.
Li, D. and Xia, Y. (2004) Electrospinning of nanofibers: re-inventing the wheel? Adv. Mater. 16, 1151–1170.
Deitzel, J. M., Kleinmeyer, J., Harris, D., and Beck Tan N. C. (2001) The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofiber and textiles. Polymer 42, 261–272.
Theron, S. A., Zussman, E., and Yarin, A. L. (2004) Experimental investigation of the governing parameters in the electrospinning of polymer solutions. Polymer 45, 2017–2030.
Zein, I., Hutmacher, D. W., Tan, K. C., and Teoh, S. H. (2002) Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 23, 1169–1185.
Theron, S. A., Zussman, E., and Yarin, A. L. (2001) Electrostatic field-assisted alignment of electrospun nanofibers. Nanotechnology 12, 384–390.
Mo, X. and Weber, H.-J. (2004) Electrospinning P(LLA-CL) nanofiber: a tubular scaffold fabrication with circumferential alignment. Macromol. Symp. 217, 413–416.
Fennessey, S. F. and Farris, J. (2004) Fabrication of aligned and molecularly oriented electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and the mechanical behavior of their twisted yarns. Polymer 45, 4217–4225.
Dalton, P., Klee, D., and Möller, M. (2005) Electrospinning with dual collection rings. Polymer 46, 611–614.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Electron Microscopy Unit, National University of Singapore, for assistance with the microscopy work. Mr. Tan Kim Cheng (Temaesk Polytechnic, Singapore) for support in the FDM scaffold fabrication.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Schumann, D., Ekaputra, A.K., Lam, C.X., Hutmacher, D.W. (2007). Biomaterials/Scaffolds. In: Hauser, H., Fussenegger, M. (eds) Tissue Engineering. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 140. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-443-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-443-8_6
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-756-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-443-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols