Summary
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) has become an accepted method for the separation of inorganic and organic ions. Usually, direct and indirect optical detection methods are used in conventional CE. However, with contactless conductivity detection, much better detection limits in the low ppb range are obtained compared to optical detection modes. Besides offering great flexibility in capillary handling, this detection technique can be performed on-capillary also with capillaries made of other materials than fused silica (PEEK®, Teflon®) and with capillaries having very small inner diameters.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Swinney, K. and Bornhop, D. J. (2000) Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 21, 1239–1250.
Zemann, A. J. (2001) Conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis. Trends Anal. Chem. 20, 346–354.
Tanyanyiwa, J., Leuthardt, S., and Hauser, P. C. (2002) Conductimetric and potentiometric detection in conventional and microchip capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 23, 3659–3666.
Gujt, R. M., Evenhuis, C. J., Macka, M., and Haddad, P. R. (2004) Conductivity detection for conventional and miniaturised capillary electrophoresis systems. Electrophoresis 25, 4032–4057.
Zemann, A. J. (2003) Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 24, 2125–2137.
Jones, W. R., Soglia, J., Mcglynn, M., Haber, C., Reineck, J., and Krstanovic, C. (1996) Capillary ion electrophoresis with conductivity detection. American Laboratory 28, 25–33.
Haber, C., Jones, W. R., Soglia, J., et al. (1996) Conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis. J. Cap. Elec. 3, 1–11.
Haber, C., VanSaun, R. J., and Jones, W. R. (1998) Quantitative analysis of anions at ppb/ppt levels with capillary electrophoresis and conductivity detection: enhancement of system linearity and precision using an internal standard. Anal. Chem. 70, 2261–2267.
Dasgupta, P. K. and Bao, L. Y. (1993) Suppressed conductometric capillary electrophoresis separation systems. Anal. Chem. 65, 1003–1011.
Avdalovic, N., Pohl, C. A., Rocklin, R. D., and Stillian, J. R. (1993) Determination of cations and anions by capillary electrophoresis combined with suppressed conductivity detection. Anal. Chem. 65, 1470–1475.
Gas, B., Demjanenko, M., and Vacik, J. (1980) High-frequency contactless conductivity detection. J. Chromatogr. 192, 253.
Reijenga J. C., Slaats H. J. L. A., and Everaerts, F. M. (1983) Determination of conjugated bile acids in human bile by isotachophoresis in a non-aqueous solvent using a.c. conductivity and UV detection. J. Chromatogr. 267, 85–89.
Vacik, J., Zuska, J., and Muselasova, I. (1985) Improvement of the performance of a high-frequency contactless conductivity detector for isotachophoresis. J. Chromatogr. 320, 233–240.
Kaniansky, D., Zelenska, V., Masar, M., Ivanyi, F., and Gazdikova, S. (1999) Contactless conductivity deteciton in capillary zone electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 844, 349–359.
Masar, M., Bodor, R., and Kaniansky, D. (1999) Separations of inorganic anions based on their compexations with α-cyclodextrin by capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J. Chromatogr. A 834, 179–188.
Zemann, A. J., Schnell, E., Volgger, D., and Bonn, G. K. (1998) Contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 70, 563–567.
Fracassi da Silva, J. A., and do Lago, C. L. (1998) An oscillometric detector for capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 70, 4339–4343.
Mayrhofer, K., Zemann, A. J., Schnell, E., and Bonn, G. K. (1999) Capillary electrophoresis and contactless conductivity detection of ions in narrow inner diameter capillaries. Anal. Chem. 71, 3828–3833.
Macka, M., Hutchinson, J., Zemann, A., Shusheng, Z., and Haddad, P.R. (2003) Miniaturized movable contactless conductivity detection cell for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 24, 2144–2149.
Tanyanyiwa, J., Leuthardt, S., and Hauser, P. C. (2002) Electrophoretic separations with polyether ether ketone capillaries and capacitevely copuled contactless conductivity detection. J. Chromatogr. A 978, 205–211.
Good, N. E., Winget, G. D., Winter, W., Connolly, T. N., Izawa, S., and Singh, R. M. M. (1966) Hydrogen ion buffers for biological research. Biochemistry 5, 467–477.
Good, N. E. and Izawa, S. (1972) Hydrogen ion buffers, in: Methods in Enzymology (Colowick, S. P. and Kaplan, N. O., eds.). Academic, New York: pp. 53–68.
Beckers, J. L. (2003) Ampholytes as backgruond electrolytes in capillary zone electrophoresis: sense or nonsense? Histidine as a model ampholyte. Electrophoresis 23, 548–556.
Tanyanyiwa, J. and Hauser, P. C. (2002) High-voltage contactless conductivity detection of metal ions in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 23, 3781–3786.
Vuorinen, P. S., Jussila, M., Siren, H., Palonen, S., and Riekkola, M.-L. (2003) Integration of a contactless conductivity detector into a commercial capillary cassette: Detection of inorganic cations and catecholamines. J. Chromatogr. A 990, 45–52.
Unterholzner, V. (2004) Analytik von sensorisch relevanten Verbindungen in Zellstoffen und Papieren mit Kapillarelektrophorese und Ionenchromtographie, Doctoral Thesis University of Innsbruck.
Chvojka, T., Jelinek, I., Opekar, F., and Stulik, K. (2001) Dual photometric-contactless conductometric detector for capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chim. Acta 433, 13–21.
Coufal, P., Zuska, J., van de Goor, T., Smith, V., and Gas, B. (2003) Separation of twenty underivatized essential amino acids by capillary zone electorphoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 24, 671–677.
Lopez-Avila, V., van de Goor, T., Gas, B., and Coufal, P. (2003) Separation of haloacetic acids in water by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct UV detection and contactless conductivity detection. J. Chromatogr. A 993, 143–152.
Hilder, E. F., Zemann, A. J., Macka, M., and Haddad, P. R. (2001) Anion-exchange capillary electrochromatography with indirect UV and direct contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 22, 1273–1281.
Kuban, P. and Karlberg, B. (1998) Simultaneous determination of small cations and anions by capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 70, 360–365.
Padarauskas, A., Olsauskaite, V., and Schwedt, G. (1998) Simultaneous separation of inorganic anions and cations by capillary zone electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 800, 369–375.
Unterholzner, V., Macka, M., Haddad, P. R., and Zemann, A. (2002) Simultaneous separation of inorganic anions and cations unsing capillary electrophoresis with a movable contactless conductivity detector. Analyst 127, 715–718.
Kuban, P., Karlberg, B., Kuban, P., and Kuban, V. (2002) Application of a contactless conductometric detector for the simultaneous determination of small anions and cations by capillary electrophoresis with dual-opposite end injection. J. Chromatogr. A 964, 227–241.
Kuban, P., Kuban, P., and Kuban, V. (2002) Simultaneous determination of inorganic and organic anions, alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal cations by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductometric detection. Electrophoresis 23, 3725–3734.
da Silva, J. A. F. and do Lago, C. L. (2000) Conductivity detection of aliphatic alcohols in micellar electrokinetic chromatography using an oscillometric detector. Electrophoresis 21, 1405–1408.
Carvalho, A. Z., da Silva, J. A. F, and do Lago, C. L. (2003) Determination of mono- and disaccharides by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 24, 2138–2143.
Muzikar, J., van de Goor, T., Gas, B., and Kenndler, E. (2001) Extension of the application range of UV-absorbing organic solvents in capillary electrophoresis by the use of a contactless conductivity detector. J. Chromatogr. A 924, 147–154.
Okada, T. J. (1999) Polyethers in inorganic capillary electrophoresis. Chromatogr. A 834, 73–87.
Sarmini, K. and Kenndler, E. (1997) Influence of organic solvents on the separation selectivity in capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 792, 3–11.
Lucy, C. A. (1999) Factors affecting selectivity of inorganic anions in capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 850, 319–337.
Riekkola, M. L., Jussila, M., Porras, S. P., and Valko, I. E. (2000) Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 892, 155–170.
Muzikar, J., van de Goor, T., and Kenndler, E. (2002) The principle cause for lower plate numbers in capillary zone electorphoresis with most organic solvents. Anal. Chem. 74, 434–439.
Gas, B., Coufal, P., Jaros, M., Muzikar, J., and Jelinek, I. (2001) Optimization of background electrolytes for capillary electrophoresis I. Methematical and computational model. J. Chromatogr. A 905, 269–279.
Muzikar, J., van de Goor, T., Gas, B., and Kenndler, E. (2002) Determination fo electroosmotic flow mobility with a pressuremediated dual-ion technique for capillary electrophoresis with conductivity detection using organic solvents. J. Chromatogr. A 960, 199–208.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Zemann, A., Rohregger, I., Zitturi, R. (2008). Determination of Small Ions With Capillary Electrophoresis and Contactless Conductivity Detection. In: Schmitt-Kopplin, P. (eds) Capillary Electrophoresis. Methods In Molecular Biology™, vol 384. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-376-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-376-9_1
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-539-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-376-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols