Abstract
Focal adhesions and the cell cytoskeleton (intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules) are involved in mechanotransduction—both direct (transduction of mechanical forces to the nucleus) and indirect (transduction of chemical signaling cascades to the nucleus). Thus, observation of changes in focal adhesion and cytoskeletal organization can be invaluable in research such as drug treatments and medical material testing in vitro.
Here we describe how to stain human fibroblasts for vinculin (located to focal adhesions), actin (microfilaments), tubulin (microtubules), and vimentin (intermediate filaments) and how to perform custom microarray experiments. Comparative analysis of the immunofluorescence and array data should allow the researcher to build up a global picture of changes to both direct and indirect mechanotransduction through the cytoskeleton from focal adhesions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Dalby, M. J., Yarwood, S. J., Riehle, M. O., Johnstone, H. J., Affrossman, S., and Curtis, A. S. (2002) Increasing fibroblast response to materials using nanotopography: morphological and genetic measurements of cell response to 13-nm-high polymer demixed islands. Exp. Cell Res. 276, 1–9.
Dalby, M. J., Riehle, M. O., Yarwood, S. J., Wilkinson, C. D., and Curtis. A. S. (2003) Nucleus alignment and cell signaling in fibroblasts: response to a microgrooved topography. Exp. Cell Res. 284, 274–282.
Burridge, K. and Chrzanowska-Wodnicka, M. (1996) Focal adhesions, contractility, and signaling. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12, 463–518.
Knight, M. M., van de Breevaart Bravenboer, J., Lee, D. A., van Osch, G. J., Weinans, H., and Bader, D. L. (2002) Cell and nucleus deformation in compressed chondrocyte-alginate constructs: temporal changes and calculation of cell modulus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1570, 1–8.
Dahl, K. N., Kahn, S. M., Wilson, K. L., and Discher, D. E. (2004) The nuclear envelope lamina network has elasticity and a compressibility limit suggestive of a molecular shock absorber. J. Cell Sci. 117, 4779–4786.
Bloom, S., Lockard, V. G., and Bloom, M. (1996) Intermediate filament-mediated stretch-induced changes in chromatin: a hypothesis for growth initiation in cardiac myocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 28, 2123–2127.
Heslop-Harrison, J. S. (1992) Nuclear architecture in plants. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2, 913–917.
Heslop-Harrison, J. S., Leitch, A. R., and Schwarzacher, T. (1993) The physical organization of interphase nuclei, in The Chromosome (Heslop-Harrison, J. S., et al., eds.), Bios, Oxford, pp. 221–232.
Heslop-Harrison, J. S. (2003) Planning for remodelling: nuclear architecture, chromatin and chromosomes. Trends Plant Sci. 8, 195–197.
Dalby, M. J., Riehle, M. O., Sutherland, D. S., Agheli, H., and Curtis, A. S. (2004) Use of nanotopography to study mechanotransduction in fibroblasts—methods and perspectives. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 83, 159–169.
Juliano, R. L. and Haskill, S. (1993) Signal transduction from the extracellular matrix. J. Cell Biol. 120, 577–585.
Vuori, K. (1998) Integrin signaling: tyrosine phosphorylation events in focal adhesions. J. Membr. Biol. 165, 191–199.
Cary, L. A., Han, D. C., and Guan, J. L. (1999) Integrin-mediated signal transduction pathways. Histol. Histopathol. 14, 1001–1009.
Cary, L. A. and Guan, J. L. (1999) Focal adhesion kinase in integrin-mediated signaling. Front. Biosci. 4, D102–D113.
Bershadsky, A. D., Balaban, N. Q., and Geiger, B. (2003) Adhesion-dependent cell mechanosensitivity. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 19, 677–695.
Eizen, M. B., Spellman, P. T., Brown, P. O., and Botstein, D. (1998) Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14,863–14,868.
Schena, M., Shalon, D., Heller, R., Chai, A., Brown, P. O., and Davis, R. W. (1996) Parallel human genome analysis: microarray-based expression monitoring of 1000 genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 10,614–10,619.
Shalon, D., Smith, S. J., and Brown, P. O. (1996) A DNA microarray system for analyzing complex DNA samples using two-color fluorescent probe hybridization. Genome Res. 6, 639–645.
Yarwood, S. J. and Woodgett, J. R. (2001) Extracellular matrix composition determines the transcriptional response to epidermal growth factor receptor activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4472–4477.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Dalby, M.J., Yarwood, S.J. (2007). Analysis of Focal Adhesions and Cytoskeleton by Custom Microarray. In: Coutts, A.S. (eds) Adhesion Protein Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 370. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-353-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-353-0_10
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-533-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-353-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols