Skip to main content

Ribonomic and Short Hairpin RNA Gene Silencing Methods to Explore Functional Gene Programs Associated With Tumor Growth Arrest

  • Protocol
Cancer Genomics and Proteomics

Abstract

In this chapter, we present an approach using genomic and ribonomic profiling to investigate functional gene programs in a tumor growth model. To reach this goal, ribonomic profiling was combined with RNA interference in a tumor dormancy model. Strategies merging functional genomic technologies are outlined for the identification of novel posttranscriptionally regulated targets of p38 to show that they are functionally linked to the induction or interruption of cellular growth in cancer. In the first section of this chapter, we describe a method for the detection of mRNA subsets associated with RNA-binding proteins such as hnRNP A1 using (1) immunopurification of mRNA-protein complexes, from either whole cell lysates or subcellular fractions and (2) gene expression arrays to find those mRNAs bound to hnRNP A1. In the second section, short hairpin RNA technology was used to create a library of shRNAs that target p38 induced mRNAs expression libraries are utilized to “knockdown” the genes identified in the first section. Finally, this library of gene candidates is evaluated in vivo to address their functional role in the induction or maintenance of dormancy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Pantel, K. and Otte, M. (2001) Occult micormetastasis: enrichment, identification and characterization of single disseminated tumor cells. Semin. Cancer Biol. 11, 327–337.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Naumov, G. N., Townson, J. L., MacDonald, I. C., et al. (2003) Ineffectiveness of doxorubicin treatment on solitary dormant mammary carcinoma cells or late-developing metastases. Breast Cancer Treat. 82, 199–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. A., Liu, D., Mignatti, A., Kovalski, K., and Ossowski, L. (2001) Urokinase receptor and fibronectin regulate the ERK(MAPK) to p38(MAPK) activity ratios that determine carcinoma cell proliferation or dormancy in vivo. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 863–879.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. A., Estrada, Y., Liu, D., and Ossowski, L. (2003) ERK(MAPK) activity as a determinant of tumor growth and dormancy; regulation by p38(SAPK) Cancer Res. 63, 1684–1695.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Clark, A. R., Dean, J. L., and Saklatvala, J. (2003) Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. FEBS Lett. 546, 37–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. van der Houven van Oordt, W., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Lozano, J., Krainer, A. R., Moscat, J., and Caceres, J. F. (2000) The MKK(3/6)-p38-signaling cascade alters the subcellular distribution of hnRNP A1 and modulates alternative splicing regulation. J. Cell Biol. 149, 307–316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Tenenbaum, S. A., Carson, C. C., Lager, P. J., and Keene, J. D. (2000) Identifying mRNA subsets in messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes by using cDNA arrays. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 14,085–14,090.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Tenenbaum, S. A., Lager, P. J., Carson, C. C., and Keene, J. D. (2002) Ribonomics: identifying mRNA subsets in mRNP complexes using antibodies to RNA-binding proteins and genomic arrays. Methods 26, 191–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hieronymus, H. and Silver, P. A. (2004) A systems view of mRNP biology. Genes Dev. 18, 2845–2860.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gerber, A. P., Herschlag, D., and Brown, P. O. (2004) Extensive association of functionally and cytotpically related mRNAs with Puf family RNA-binding proteins in yeast. PLOS Biol. 2, 342–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Keene, J. D. and Tenenbaum, S. A. (2002) Eukaryotic mRNPs may represent posttranscriptional operons. Mol. Cell 9, 1161–1167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fire, A., Xu, S., Montgomery, M. K., Kostas, S. A., Driver, S. E., and Mello, C. C. (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391, 806–811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Elbashir, S. M., Harborth, J., Lendeckel, W., Yalcin, A., Weber, K., and Tuschl, T. (2001) Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature 411, 494–498.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Scher, C., Haudenschild, C., and Klagsbrun, M. (1976) The chick chorioallantoic membrane as a model system for the study of tissue invasion by viral transformed cells. Cell 8, 373–382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Penalva, L. O., Tenenbaum, S. A., and Keene, J. D. (2004) Gene expression analysis of messenger RNP complexes. Methods Mol. Biol. 257, 125–134.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Tenenbaum, S. A., Lager, P. J., Carson, C. C., and Keene, J. D. (2002) Ribonomics: identifying mRNA subsets in mRNP complexes using antibodies to RNA-binding proteins and genomic arrays. Methods 26, 191–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mili, S., Shu, H. J., Zhao, Y., and Pinol-Roma, S. (2001) Distinct RNP complexes of shuttling hnRNP proteins with pre-mRNA and mRNA: candidate intermediates in formation and export of mRNA. Mol. Cell Biol. 21, 7307–7319.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Brown, V., Jin, P., Ceman, S., et al. (2001) Microarray identification of FMRP-associated brain mRNAs and altered mRNA translational profiles in fragile X syndrome. Cell 107, 477–487.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hieronymus, H. and Silver, P. A. (2003) Genome-wide analysis of RNA-protein interactions illustrates specificity of the mRNA export machinery. Nat. Genet. 13, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Roy, P. J., Stuart, J. M., Lund, J., and Kim, S. K. (2002) Chromosomal clustering of muscle-expressed genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 418, 975–979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hannon, G. J., Sun, P., Carnero, A., et al. (1999) MaRX: an approach to genetics in mammalian cells. Science 283, 1129–1130.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Piñol-Roma, S., Choi, Y. D., Matunis, M. J., and Dreyfuss, G. (1988) Immunopurification of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles reveals an assortment of RNA-binding proteins. Genes Dev. 2, 215–227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mili, S. and Steitz, J. A. (2004) Evidence for reassociation of RNA-binding proteins after cell lysis: implications for the interpretation of immunoprecipitation analyses. RNA 10, 1692–1694.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Niranjanakumari, S., Lasda, E., Brazas, R., and Garcia-Blanco, M. A. (2002) Reversible cross-linking combined with immunoprecipitation to study RNA-protein interactions in vivo. Methods 26, 182–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Penalva, L. O., Burdick, M. D., Lin, S. M., Sutterluety, H., and Keene, J. D. (2004) RNA-binding proteins to assess gene expression states of co-cultivated cells in response to tumor cells. Mol. Cancer 3, 24–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lipes, B. D. and Keene, J. D. (2002) Autoimmune epitopes in messenger RNA. RNA 8, 762–771.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Naumov, G. N., Bender, E., Zurakowski, D., et al. (2006) A model of human tumor dormancy: an angiogenic switch from the nonangiogenic phenotype. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98, 316–325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Baroni, T.E., Lastro, M.T., Ranganathan, A.C., Tenenbaum, S.A., Conklin, D.S., Aguirre-Ghiso, J.A. (2007). Ribonomic and Short Hairpin RNA Gene Silencing Methods to Explore Functional Gene Programs Associated With Tumor Growth Arrest. In: Fisher, P.B. (eds) Cancer Genomics and Proteomics. Methods in Molecularbiology™, vol 383. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-335-6_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-335-6_15

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-504-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-335-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics