Abstract
In our efforts aimed at studying the cellular responses to injury, including the angiogenesis of wound healing, we have developed a novel three-dimensional (3D) skin equivalent that is comprised of multiple cell types found in normal human skin or chronic wound beds. The in vitro model contains a microvascular component within the dermis-like extracellular matrix and possesses an intact epithelial covering comprised of skin-derived epithelial cells. Capillary endothelial cells can be labeled with fluorescent vital tracers prior to being embedded within a 3D matrix and overlaid with a monolayer of keratinocytes (normal or transformed). Once embedded in the matrix, the endothelial cells demonstrate capillary-like tube formation mimicking the microvasculature of true skin. Angiogenesis and the reepithelialization, which occur in response to injury and during wound healing, can be quantified using fluorescence-based and bright-field digital imaging microscopic, biochemical, or molecular approaches.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Odland, G., Ross, R. (1968) Human wound repair. I. Epidermal regeneration. J Cell Biol 39, 135–151.
Abraham, J. A., Klagsbrun, M. (1996) Modulation of wound repair by members of the fibroblast growth factor family. Mol Cell Biol Wound Repair 195–248.
Cross, K. J., Mustoe, T. A. (2003) Growth factors in wound healing. Surg Clin North Am 83, 531–545.
Stadelmann, W. K., Digenis, A. G., Tobin, G. R. (1998) Physiology and healing dynamics of chronic cutaneous wounds. Am J Surg 176, 26S–38S.
Marikovsky, M., Breuing, K., Liu, P. Y., (1993) Appearance of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor in wound fluid as a response to injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90, 3889–3893.
Marikovsky, M., Vogt, P., Eriksson, E., (1996) Wound fluid-derived heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is synergistic with insulin-like growth factor-I for Balb/MK keratinocyte proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 106, 616–621.
Papetti, M., Herman, I. M. (2002) Mechanisms of normal and tumor-derived angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282, C947–C970.
Galeano, M., Altavilla, D., Cucinotta, D., (2004) Recombinant human erythropoietin stimulates angiogenesis and wound healing in the genetically diabetic mouse. Diabetes 53, 2509–2517.
I. M. Herman, (2006) Pericytes and microvascular morphogenesis, in D ed., Shepro, Encyclopedia of the Microvasculature Elsevier, New York, pp. 111–115.
Crocker, D. J., Murad, T. M., Geer, J. C. (1970) Role of the pericyte in wound healing. An ultrastructural study. Exp Mol Pathol. 13, 51–65.
D’Amore, P. A., Herman, I. M. (2001) Molecular and cellular control of angiogenesis, in (Arias, I. M., ed.) The Liver. Plenum University Press, New York.
Kolyada, A., Riley, K., Herman, I. M. (2003) Rho GTPase regulates cell shape and contractile phenotype in an isoactin-specific manner. Am J Physiol 285, 1116–1121.
Hirschi, K. K., Rohovsky, S. A., Beck, L. H., Smith, S. R., D’Amore, P. A. (1999) Endothelial cells modulate the proliferation of mural cell precursors via platelet-derived growth factor-BB and heterotypic cell contact. Circ Res 84, 298–305.
Hirschi, K. K., Rohovsky, S. A., D’Amore, P. A. (1998) PDGF-BB, TGFβ, and heterotypic cell-cell interactions mediate endothelial cell-induced recruitment of 10T1/2 cells and their differentiation to a smooth muscle fate. J Cell Biol 141, 805–814.
Hellstrom, M., Kalen, M., Lindahl, P., Abramsson, A., Betsholtz, C. (1999) Role of PDGF-B and PDGFR-beta in recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes during embryonic blood vessel formation in the mouse. Development 126, 3047–3055.
Sieczkiewicz, G. J., Herman, I. M. (2003) TGFβ1 signaling controls retinal pericyte contractile protein expression. Microvasc Res 66, 190–196.
Antonelli-Orlidge, A., Saunders, K. B., Smith, S. R., D’Amore, P. A. (1989) An activated form of transforming growth factor β is produced by cocultures of endothelial cells and pericytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86, 4544–4548.
Newcomb, P. M., Herman, I. M. (1993) Pericyte growth and contractile phenotype: modulation by endothelial-synthesized matrix and comparison with aortic smooth muscle. J Cell Physiol 155, 385–393.
Suri, C., Jones, P. F., Patan, S., (1996) Requisite role of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, during embryonic angiogenesis. Cell 87, 1171–1180.
Herman, I. M., D’Amore, P. A. (1985) Microvascular pericytes contain muscle and nonmuscle actins. J Cell Biol 101, 43–52.
Herman, I. M., Jacobson, S. (1988) In situ analysis of microvascular pericytes in hypertensive rat brains. Tissue Cell 20, 1–12.
Helmbold, P., Nayak, R. C., Marsch, W., Herman, I. M. (2001) Characterization of clonal human dermal microvascular pericytes. Microvasc Res 61, 160–166.
Riley, K. N., Herman, I. M. (2005) Collagenase promotes the response wound healing in vivo. J Burns Wounds 4, 141–59.
Acknowledgments
Studies described in this chapter were supported in part by NIH EY15125, NIH EY 09033, and GM 55110 (I. M. H.) and a Williams Research Fellowship (A. L.).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Herman, I., Leung, A. (2009). Creation of Human Skin Equivalents for the In vitro Study of Angiogenesis in Wound Healing. In: Murray, C., Martin, S. (eds) Angiogenesis Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 467. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-241-0_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-241-0_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-907-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-241-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols