Abstract
Toxoplasma is a widespread parasite of animals including many rodents that are a natural part of the transmission cycle between cats, which serve as the definitive host. Although wild rodents, including house mice, are relatively resistant, laboratory mice are highly susceptible to infection. As such, laboratory mice have been used to compare pathogenesis of natural variants and to evaluate the contributions of both host and parasite genes to infection. Protocols are provided here for evaluating acute and chronic infection with different parasite strains in laboratory mice. These protocols should provide uniform standards for evaluating natural variants and attenuated mutants and for comparing outcomes across different studies and between different laboratories.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Dubey JP (2010) Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Ajzenberg D, Cogné N, Paris L, Bessieres MH, Thulliez P, Fillisetti D, Pelloux H, Marty P, Dardé ML (2002) Genotype of 86 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with human congenital toxoplasmosis and correlation with clinical findings. J Infect Dis 186:684–689
Ajzenberg D, Yera H, Marty P, Paris L, Dalle F, Menotti J, Aubert D, Franck J, Bessieres MH, Quinio D, Pelloux H, Delhaes L, Desbois N, Thulliez P, Robert-Gangneux F, Kauffmann-Lacroix C, Pujol S, Rabodonirina M, Bougnoux ME, Cuisenier B, Duhamel C, Duong TH, Filisetti D, Flori P, Gay-Andrieu F, Pratlong F, Nevez G, Totet A, Carme B, Bonnabau H, Darde ML, Villena I (2009) Genotype of 88 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients and correlation with clinical findings. J Infect Dis 199:1155–1167
Howe DK, Sibley LD (1995) Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease. J Infect Dis 172:1561–1566
Hunter CA, Sibley LD (2012) Modulation of innate immunity by Toxoplasma gondii virulence effectors. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:766–778
Hakimi MA, Olias P, Sibley LD (2017) Toxoplasma effectors targeting host signaling and transcription. Clin Microbiol Rev 30:615–645
Lorenzi H, Khan A, Behnke MS, Namasivayam S, Swapna LS, Hadjithomas M, Karamycheva S, Pinney D, Brunk BP, Ajioka JW, Ajzenberg D, Boothroyd JC, Boyle JP, Darde ML, Diaz-Miranda MA, Dubey JP, Fritz HM, Gennari SM, Gregory BD, Kim K, Saeij JP, Su C, White MW, Zhu XQ, Howe DK, Rosenthal BM, Grigg ME, Parkinson J, Liu L, Kissinger JC, Roos DS, Sibley LD (2016) Local admixture of amplified and diversified secreted pathogenesis determinants shapes mosaic Toxoplasma gondii genomes. Nat Commun 7:10147
Behnke MS, Khan A, Lauron EJ, Jimah JR, Wang Q, Tolia NH, Sibley LD (2015) Rhoptry proteins ROP5 and ROP18 are major murine virulence factors in genetically divergent south american strains of Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Genet 11:e1005434
Dupont CD, Christian DA, Hunter CA (2012) Immune response and immunopathology during toxoplasmosis. Semin Immunopathol 34:793–813
Yarovinsky F (2014) Innate immunity to Toxoplasma gondii infection. Nat Rev Immunol 14:109–121
Sibley LD, Boothroyd JC (1992) Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage. Nature (Lond) 359:82–85
Su C, Howe DK, Dubey JP, Ajioka JW, Sibley LD (2002) Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling acute virulence in Toxoplasma gondii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:10753–10758
Mordue DG, Monroy F, La Regina M, Dinarello CA, Sibley LD (2001) Acute toxoplasmosis leads to lethal overproduction of Th1 cytokines. J Immunol 167:4574–4584
Gavrilescu LC, Denkers EY (2001) IFN-g overproduction and high level apoptosis are associated with high but not low virulence Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Immunol 167:902–909
Behnke MS, Dubey JP, Sibley LD (2016) Genetic mapping of pathogenesis determinants in Toxoplasma gondii. Annu Rev Microbiol 70:63–81
Jacot D, Meissner M, Sheiner L, Soldati-Favre D, Striepen B (2014) Genetic manipulation of Toxoplasma gondii. In: Weiss LM, Kim K (eds) Toxoplasma gondii the model apicomplexan: perspectives and methods, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Elsevier, New York, pp 578–611
Su C, Evans D, Cole RH, Kissinger JC, Ajioka JW, Sibley LD (2003) Recent expansion of Toxoplasma through enhanced oral transmission. Science 299:414–416
Liesenfeld O (2002) Oral infection of C57BL/6 mice with Toxoplasma gondii: a new model of inflammatory bowel disease? J Infect Dis 185:S96–S101
Dubey JP (1996) WAAP and Pfizer award for excellence in veterinary parasitology research pursuing life cycles and transmission of cyst-forming coccidia of animals and humans. Vet Parasitol 64:13–20
Su CL, Khan A, Zhou P, Majumdar D, Ajzenberg D, Dardé ML, Zhu XQ, Ajioka JW, Rosenthal B, Dubey JP, Sibley LD (2012) Globally diverse Toxoplasma gondii isolates comprise six major clades originating from a small number of distinct ancestral lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:5844–5849
Howe DK, Summers BC, Sibley LD (1996) Acute virulence in mice is associated with markers on chromosome VIII in Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 64:5193–5198
Pfefferkorn ER, Pfefferkorn LC, Colby ED (1977) Development of gametes and oocysts in cats fed cysts derived from cloned trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol 63:158–159
Sibley LD, LeBlanc AJ, Pfefferkorn ER, Boothroyd JC (1992) Generation of a restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map for Toxoplasma gondii. Genetics 132:1003–1015
Taylor S, Barragan A, Su C, Fux B, Fentress SJ, Tang K, Beatty WL, Haijj EL, Jerome M, Behnke MS, White M, Wootton JC, Sibley LD (2006) A secreted serine-threonine kinase determines virulence in the eukaryotic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Science 314:1776–1780
Dubey JP (2001) Oocyst shedding by cats fed isolated bradyzoites and comparison of infectivity of bradyzoites of the VEG strain Toxoplasma gondii to cats and mice. J Parasitol 87:215–219
Frazer KA, Eskin E, Kang HM, Bogue MA, Hinds DA, Beilharz EJ, Gupta RV, Montgomery J, Morenzoni MM, Nilsen GB, Pethiyagoda CL, Stuve LL, Johnson FM, Daly MJ, Wade CM, Cox DR (2007) A sequence-based variation map of 8.27 million SNPs in inbred mouse strains. Nature 448:1050–1053
Chia R, Achilli F, Festing MF, Fisher EM (2005) The origins and uses of mouse outbred stocks. Nat Genet 37:1181–1186
Yang H, Wang JR, Didion JP, Buus RJ, Bell TA, Welsh CE, Bonhomme F, Yu AH, Nachman MW, Pialek J, Tucker P, Boursot P, McMillan L, Churchill GA, de Villena FP (2011) Subspecific origin and haplotype diversity in the laboratory mouse. Nat Genet 43:648–655
Lilue J, Muller UB, Steinfeldt T, Howard JC (2013) Reciprocal virulence and resistance polymorphism in the relationship between Toxoplasma gondii and the house mouse. Elife 2:e01298
Roos DS, Donald RGK, Morrissette NS, Moulton AL (1994) Molecular tools for genetic dissection of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Methods Cell Biol 45:28–61
Behnke MS, Khan A, Wootton JC, Dubey JP, Tang K, Sibley LD (2011) Virulence differences in Toxoplasma mediated by amplification of a family of polymorphic pseuodokinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:9631–9636
Saeij JP, Boyle JP, Grigg ME, Arrizabalaga G, Boothroyd JC (2005) Bioluminescence imaging of Toxoplasma gondii infection in living mice reveals dramatic differences between strains. Infect Immun 73:695–702
Tobin CM, Knoll LJ (2012) A patatin-like protein protects Toxoplasma gondii from degradation in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Infect Immun 80:55–61
Jensen KD, Camejo A, Melo MB, Cordeiro C, Julien L, Grotenbreg GM, Frickel EM, Ploegh HL, Young L, Saeij JP (2015) Toxoplasma gondii superinfection and virulence during secondary infection correlate with the exact ROP5/ROP18 allelic combination. MBio 6:e02280
Khan A, Ajzenberg D, Mercier A, Demar M, Simon S, Darde ML, Wang Q, Verma SK, Rosenthal BM, Dubey JP, Sibley LD (2014) Geographic separation of domestic and wild strains of Toxoplasma gondii in French Guiana correlates with a monomorphic version of chromosome1a. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e3182
Knoll LJ, Boothroyd JC (1998) Isolation of developmentally regulated genes from Toxoplasma gondii by a gene trap with the positive and negative selectable marker hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Mol Cell Biol 18:1–8
Suzuki Y, Yang Q, Remington JS (1995) Genetic resistance against acute toxoplasmosis depends on the strain of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol 81:1032–1034
Sabin AB (1941) Toxoplasmic encephalitis in children. J Am Med Assoc 116:801–807
Donald RGK, Carter D, Ullman B, Roos DS (1996) Insertional tagging, cloning, and expression of the Toxoplasma gondii hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene. J Biol Chem 271:14010–14019
Fox BA, Ristuccia JG, Gigley JP, Bzik DJ (2009) Efficient gene replacements in Toxoplasma gondii strains deficient for nonhomologous end joining. Eukaryot Cell 8:520–529
Huynh MH, Carruthers VB (2009) Tagging of endogenous genes in a Toxoplasma gondii strain lacking Ku80. Eukaryot Cell 8:530–539
Dubey J (1980) Mouse pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from a goat. Am J Vet Res 41:427–429
Lunde MN, Jacobs L (1983) Antigenic differences between endozoites and cystozoites of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol 65:806–808
Fox BA, Falla A, Rommereim LM, Tomita T, Gigley JP, Mercier C, Cesbron-Delauw MF, Weiss LM, Bzik DJ (2011) Type II Toxoplasma gondii KU80 knockout strains enable functional analysis of genes required for cyst development and latent infection. Eukaryot Cell 10:1193–1206
Dubey JP (1996) Infectivity and pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts for cats. J Parasitol 82:957–961
Reese ML, Zeiner GM, Saeij JP, Boothroyd JC, Boyle JP (2011) Polymorphic family of injected pseudokinases is paramount in Toxoplasma virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:9625–9630
Rutaganira FU, Barks J, Dhason MS, Wang Q, Lopez MS, Long S, Radke JB, Jones NG, Maddirala AR, Janetka JW, El Bakkouri M, Hui R, Shokat KM, Sibley LD (2017) Inhibition of calcium dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) by pyrazolopyrimidine analogs decreases establishment and reoccurrence of central nervous system disease by Toxoplasma gondii. J Med Chem 60:9976–9989. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01192
Hill RD, Gouffon JS, Saxton AM, Su C (2012) Differential gene expression in mice infected with distinct Toxoplasma strains. Infect Immun 80:968–974
Jauregui LH, Higgins J, Zarlenga D, Dubey JP, Lunney JK (2001) Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in pig and mouse tissues. J Clin Microbiol 39:2065–2071
Acknowledgments
We thank many former members of the laboratory for developing and refining these protocols over the years, including Mike Behnke, Kevin Brown, Ildiko Dunay, Blima Fux, Dan Howe, Asis Khan, Dana Mordue, and Chunlei Su. We are also grateful to Christopher Hunter and Yasu Suzuki for helpful advice on animal infection models, and to David Bzik, Vern Carruthers, J.P. Dubey, and Laura Knoll for generously providing strains. Supported in part by NIH grants AI118426 and AI034036 to L.D.S.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Wang, Q., Sibley, L.D. (2020). Assays for Monitoring Toxoplasma gondii Infectivity in the Laboratory Mouse. In: Tonkin, C. (eds) Toxoplasma gondii. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2071. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9857-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9857-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9856-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9857-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols