Abstract
Anionic phospholipids represent only minor fraction of cell membranes lipids but they are critically important for many membrane-related processes, including membrane identity, charge, shape, the generation of second messengers, and the recruitment of peripheral proteins. The main anionic phospholipids of the plasma membrane are phosphoinositides phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidic acid (PA). Recent insights in the understanding of the nature of protein–phospholipid interactions enabled the design of genetically encoded fluorescent molecular probes that can interact with various phospholipids in a specific manner allowing their imaging in live cells. Here, we describe the use of transiently transformed plant cells to study phospholipid-dependent membrane recruitment.
Key words
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Bernardino de la Serna J, Schütz GJ, Eggeling C, Cebecauer M (2016) There is no simple model of the plasma membrane organization. Front Cell Dev Biol 4:106
Singer SJ, Nicolson GL (1972) The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175:720–731
Nicolson GL (2014) The fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure: still relevant to understanding the structure, function and dynamics of biological membranes after more than 40 years. Biochim Biophys Acta 1838:1451–1466
Devaiah SP, Roth MR, Baughman E, Li M, Tamura P et al (2006) Quantitative profiling of polar glycerolipid species from organs of wild-type Arabidopsis and a PHOSPHOLIPASE Dα1 knockout mutant. Phytochemistry 67:1907–1924
Mosblech A, König S, Stenzel I, Grzeganek P, Feussner I et al (2008) Phosphoinositide and inositolpolyphosphate signalling in defense responses of Arabidopsis thaliana challenged by mechanical wounding. Mol Plant 1:249–261
Furt F, Simon-Plas F, Mongrand S (2011) Lipids of the plant plasma membrane. In: Murphy AS, Schulz B, Peer W (eds) The plant plasma membrane. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 3–30
Balla T (2013) Phosphoinositides: tiny lipids with giant impact on cell regulation. Physiol Rev 93:1019–1137
Kay JG, Grinstein S (2013) Phosphatidylserine-mediated cellular signaling. In: Capelluto D (ed) Lipid-mediated protein signaling. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 177–193
Sekereš J, Pleskot R, Pejchar P, Žárský V, Potocký M (2015) The song of lipids and proteins: dynamic lipid-protein interfaces in the regulation of plant cell polarity at different scales. J Exp Bot 66:1587–1598
Noack LC, Jaillais Y (2017) Precision targeting by phosphoinositides: how PIs direct endomembrane trafficking in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 40:22–33
Pokotylo I, Kravets V, Martinec J, Ruelland E (2018) The phosphatidic acid paradox: too many actions for one molecule class? Lessons from plants. Prog Lipid Res 71:43–53
Tanguy E, Kassas N, Vitale N (2018) Protein–phospholipid interaction motifs: a focus on phosphatidic acid. Biomolecules 8:20
Vermeer JEM, Munnik T (2010) Imaging lipids in living plants. In: Munnik T (ed) Lipid signaling in plants. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 185–199
Platre MP, Jaillais Y (2016) Guidelines for the use of protein domains in acidic phospholipid imaging. In: Waugh MG (ed) Lipid signaling protocols. Springer, New York, pp 175–194
Várnai P, Gulyás G, Tóth DJ, Sohn M, Sengupta N et al (2017) Quantifying lipid changes in various membrane compartments using lipid binding protein domains. Cell Calcium 64:72–82
Vermeer JEM, Thole JM, Goedhart J, Nielsen E, Munnik T et al (2009) Imaging phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate dynamics in living plant cells. Plant J 57:356–372
Simon MLA, Platre MP, Assil S, van Wijk R, Chen WY et al (2014) A multi-colour/multi-affinity marker set to visualize phosphoinositide dynamics in Arabidopsis. Plant J 77:322–337
Simon MLA, Platre MP, Marquès-Bueno MM, Armengot L, Stanislas T et al (2016) A PtdIns(4)P-driven electrostatic field controls cell membrane identity and signalling in plants. Nature Plants 2:16089
Kost B, Lemichez E, Spielhofer P, Hong Y, Tolias K et al (1999) Rac homologues and compartmentalized phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate act in a common pathway to regulate polar pollen tube growth. J Cell Biol 145:317–330
van Leeuwen W, Vermeer JEM, Gadella TWJ, Munnik T (2007) Visualization of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane of suspension-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells and whole Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant J 52:1014–1026
Potocký M, Pleskot R, Pejchar P, Vitale N, Kost B et al (2014) Live-cell imaging of phosphatidic acid dynamics in pollen tubes visualized by Spo20p-derived biosensor. New Phytol 203:483–494
Platre MP, Noack LC, Doumane M, Bayle V, Simon MLA et al (2018) A combinatorial lipid code shapes the electrostatic landscape of plant endomembranes. Dev Cell 45:465–480
Heilmann I (2016) Phosphoinositide signaling in plant development. Development 143:2044–2055
Yao HY, Xue HW (2018) Phosphatidic acid (PA) plays key roles regulating plant development and stress responses. J Integr Plant Biol 60(9):851–863
Idevall-Hagren O, De Camilli P (2015) Detection and manipulation of phosphoinositides. Biochim Biophys Acta 1851:736–745
Pu M, Orr A, Redfield AG, Roberts MF (2010) Defining specific lipid binding sites for a peripheral membrane protein in situ using subtesla field-cycling NMR. J Biol Chem 285:26916–26922
Pleskot R, Cwiklik L, Jungwirth P, Žárský V, Potocký M (2015) Membrane targeting of the yeast exocyst complex. Biochim Biophys Acta 1848:1481–1489
Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M et al (2012) Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 9:676–682
Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9:671–675
Sekereš J, Pejchar P, Šantrůček J, Vukašinović N, Žárský V et al (2017) Analysis of exocyst subunit EXO70 family reveals distinct membrane polar domains in tobacco pollen tubes. Plant Physiol 173:1659–1675
Gronnier J, Crowet JM, Habenstein B, Nasir MN, Bayle V et al (2017) Structural basis for plant plasma membrane protein dynamics and organization into functional nanodomains. elife 6:e26404
Acknowledgments
Research in the Prague lab is supported by the Czech Science Foundation (grants no. 17-27477S, 18-18290J and 19-21758S) and by the Ministry of Education Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic (project no. NPUI LO1417). Y.J. is funded by ERC no. 3363360-APPL under FP/2007-2013, and L.C.N is funded by a fellowship from the French Ministry of Higher Education.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Noack, L.C., Pejchar, P., Sekereš, J., Jaillais, Y., Potocký, M. (2019). Transient Gene Expression as a Tool to Monitor and Manipulate the Levels of Acidic Phospholipids in Plant Cells. In: Cvrčková, F., Žárský, V. (eds) Plant Cell Morphogenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1992. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9468-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9469-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols