Abstract
The G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity assay or, simply G2 assay, measures the number of chromatid type aberrations induced by radiation in G2 phase. Typically, asynchronous growing cells are irradiated with less than 1 Gy and allowed 0.5–1 h for cells in mitosis, at the time of irradiation, to transit into G1. Later, the G2 phase cells, at the time irradiation, are blocked by colcemid for 1–4 h at metaphase. Cells are collected by standard hypotonic solution and Carnoy solution fixation or directly fixed onto the culture vessels. The G2 assay can detect severe radiosensitivity in ATM homozygous mutated cells and relatively small differences among cellular radiosensitivity such as heterozygous mutation carriers of ATM and BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. The G2 assay also has the capability to detect cancer prone individuals. This assay only requires a conventional cell culture facility and the standard microscopic observation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Parshad R, Sanford KK, Jones GM (1983) Chromatid damage after G2 phase x-irradiation of cells from cancer-prone individuals implicates deficiency in DNA repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80:5612–5616
Parshad R, Sanford KK, Jones GM (1985) Chromosomal radiosensitivity during the G2 cell-cycle period of skin fibroblasts from individuals with familial cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:5400–5403
Parshad R, Sanford KK, Kraemer KH, Jones GM, Tarone RE (1990) Carrier detection in xeroderma pigmentosum. J Clin Invest 85:135–138
Sanford KK, Parshad R, Price FM, Tarone RE, Schapiro MB (1993) X-ray-induced chromatid damage in cells from Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease patients in relation to DNA repair and cancer proneness. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 70:25–30
Sanford KK, Parshad R, Price FM, Tarone RE, Benedict WF (1996) Cytogenetic responses to G2 phase x-irradiation of cells from retinoblastoma patients. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 88:43–48
Gantt R, Parshad R, Price FM, Sanford KK (1986) Biochemical evidence for deficient DNA repair leading to enhanced G2 chromatid radiosensitivity and susceptibility to cancer. Radiat Res 108:117–126
Parshad R, Sanford KK (2001) Radiation-induced chromatid breaks and deficient DNA repair in cancer predisposition. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 37:87–96
Bender MA, Rary JM, Kale RP (1985) G0 chromosomal radiosensitivity in ataxia telangiectasia lymphocytes. Mutat Res 150:277–282
Bender MA, Viola MV, Fiore J, Thompson MH, Leonard RC (1988) Normal G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity and cell survival in the cancer family syndrome. Cancer Res 48:2579–2584
Bigelow SB, Rary JM, Bender MA (1979) G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity in Fanconi’s anemia. Mutat Res 63:189–199
Nagasawa H, Little JB (1988) Radiosensitivities of ten apparently normal human diploid fibroblast strains to cell killing, G2-phase chromosomal aberrations, and cell cycle delay. Cancer Res 48:4535–4538
Scott D, Spreadborough AR, Jones LA, Roberts SA, Moore CJ (1996) Chromosomal radiosensitivity in G2-phase lymphocytes as an indicator of cancer predisposition. Radiat Res 145:3–16
Mitchell EL, Scott D (1997) G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity in fibroblasts of ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygotes and a Li-Fraumeni syndrome patient with radioresistant cells. Int J Radiat Biol 72:435–438
Darroudi F, Vyas RC, Vermeulen S, Natarajan AT (1995) G2 radiosensitivity of cells derived from cancer-prone individuals. Mutat Res 328:83–90
Howe OL, Daly PA, Seymour C, Ormiston W, Nolan C, Mothersill C (2005) Elevated G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity in Irish breast cancer patients: a comparison with other studies. Int J Radiat Biol 81:373–378
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Haskins, J.S., Kato, T.A. (2019). G2 Chromosomal Radiosensitivity Assay for Testing Individual Radiation Sensitivity. In: Kato, T., Wilson, P. (eds) Radiation Cytogenetics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1984. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9432-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9432-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9430-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9432-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols