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Legionella pp 333–346Cite as

The Galleria mellonella Infection Model for Investigating the Molecular Mechanisms of Legionella Virulence

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Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1921))

Abstract

Legionella species evolved virulence factors to exploit protozoa as replicative niches in the environment. Cell culture infection models demonstrated that many of these factors also enable the bacteria to thrive in human macrophages; however, these models do not recapitulate the complex interactions between macrophages, lung epithelial, and additional immune cells, which are crucial to control bacterial infections. Thus, suitable infection models are required to understand which bacterial factors are important to trigger disease. Guinea pigs and, most frequently, mice have been successfully used as mammalian model hosts; however, ethical and economic considerations impede their use in high-throughput screening studies of Legionella isolates or small molecule inhibitors.

Here, we describe the larvae of the lepidopteran Galleria mellonella as insect model of Legionella pathogenesis. Larvae can be obtained from commercial suppliers in large numbers, maintained without the need of specialized equipment, and infected by injection. Although lacking the complexity of a mammalian immune system, the larvae mount humoral and cellular immune responses to infection. L. pneumophila strain 130b and other prototype isolates withstand these responses and use the Defective in organelle trafficking/Intracellular multiplication (Dot/Icm) type IV secretion system (T4SS ) to inject effectors enabling survival and replication in hemocytes, insect phagocytes, ultimately leading to the death of the larvae. Differences in virulence between L. pneumophila isolates or gene deletion mutants can be analyzed using indicators of larval health and immune induction, such as pigmentation, mobility, histopathology, and survival. Bacterial replication can be measured by plating hemolymph or by immunofluorescence microscopy of isolated circulating hemocytes from infected larvae. Combined, these straightforward experimental readouts make G. mellonella larvae a versatile model host to rapidly assess the virulence of different Legionella isolates and investigate the role of specific virulence factors in overcoming innate host defense mechanisms.

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Acknowledgment

This research and manuscript were enabled by a Medical Research Council UK grant (G1001729 – ID 98065) for GF and GNS, as well as additional institutional funding for GNS from Queen’s University Belfast.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Gad Frankel

  2. Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

    Gunnar N. Schroeder

Authors
  1. Gad Frankel
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  2. Gunnar N. Schroeder
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gunnar N. Schroeder .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France

    Carmen Buchrieser

  2. Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Hubert Hilbi

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Frankel, G., Schroeder, G.N. (2019). The Galleria mellonella Infection Model for Investigating the Molecular Mechanisms of Legionella Virulence. In: Buchrieser, C., Hilbi, H. (eds) Legionella. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1921. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9048-1_22

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9048-1_22

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9047-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9048-1

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