Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration in the central nervous system (CNS) has been implicated in several neuroinflammatory diseases, being an important step in the development of inflammatory response in the brain. The use of intravital microscopy technique allows direct in vivo assessment of leukocyte rolling and adhesion on cortical meningeal vessels. The current review highlights the use of intravital microscopy and its association with neuroinflammatory parameters in different models of experimental brain diseases such as HSV-1 encephalitis, dengue encephalitis, cerebral malaria, and hepatic encephalopathy. Herein, we also describe a detailed protocol of intravital microscopy of meningeal vessels, its advantages and major concerns.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Engelhardt B (2006) Regulation of immune cell entry into the central nervous system. Results Probl Cell Differ 43:259–280
Engelhardt B, Ransohoff RM (2005) The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol 26(9):485–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2005.07.004
Ransohoff RM, Kivisakk P, Kidd G (2003) Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol 3(7):569–581. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1130
Alvarez JI, Teale JM (2007) Differential changes in junctional complex proteins suggest the ependymal lining as the main source of leukocyte infiltration into ventricles in murine neurocysticercosis. J Neuroimmunol 187(1–2):102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.05.005
Man S, Ubogu EE, Ransohoff RM (2007) Inflammatory cell migration into the central nervous system: a few new twists on an old tale. Brain Pathol 17(2):243–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00067.x
Greenwood J, Heasman SJ, Alvarez JI, Prat A, Lyck R, Engelhardt B (2011) Review: leucocyte-endothelial cell crosstalk at the blood-brain barrier: a prerequisite for successful immune cell entry to the brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 37(1):24–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01140.x
Muller WA (2011) Mechanisms of leukocyte transendothelial migration. Annu Rev Pathol 6:323–344. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130224
Johnston B, Butcher EC (2002) Chemokines in rapid leukocyte adhesion triggering and migration. Semin Immunol 14(2):83–92. https://doi.org/10.1006/smim.2001.0345
Steiner O, Coisne C, Cecchelli R, Boscacci R, Deutsch U, Engelhardt B, Lyck R (2010) Differential roles for endothelial ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and VCAM-1 in shear-resistant T cell arrest, polarization, and directed crawling on blood-brain barrier endothelium. J Immunol 185(8):4846–4855. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0903732
Engelhardt B, Wolburg H (2004) Mini-review: transendothelial migration of leukocytes: through the front door or around the side of the house? Eur J Immunol 34(11):2955–2963. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425327
dos Santos AC, Barsante MM, Arantes RM, Bernard CC, Teixeira MM, Carvalho-Tavares J (2005) CCL2 and CCL5 mediate leukocyte adhesion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis—an intravital microscopy study. J Neuroimmunol 162(1–2):122–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.01.020
Handel TM, Johnson Z, Rodrigues DH, Dos Santos AC, Cirillo R, Muzio V, Riva S, Mack M, Deruaz M, Borlat F, Vitte PA, Wells TN, Teixeira MM, Proudfoot AE (2008) An engineered monomer of CCL2 has anti-inflammatory properties emphasizing the importance of oligomerization for chemokine activity in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 84(4):1101–1108. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0108061
Rodrigues DH, Vilela MC, Barcelos LS, Pinho V, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL (2010) Absence of PI3Kγ leads to increased leukocyte apoptosis and diminished severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 222(1):90–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.02.016
Rodrigues DH, Lacerda-Queiroz N, de Miranda AS, Fagundes CT, Campos RD, Arantes RE, Vilela Mde C, Rachid MA, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL (2011) Absence of PAF receptor alters cellular infiltrate but not rolling and adhesion of leukocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res 1385:298–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.036
Vilela MC, Mansur DS, Lacerda-Queiroz N, Rodrigues DH, Arantes RME, Kroon EG, Campos MA, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL (2008) Traffic of leukocytes in the central nervous system is associated with chemokine up-regulation in a severe model of herpes simplex encephalitis: an intravital microscopy study. Neurosci Lett 445(1):18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.072
Vilela MC, Mansur DS, Lacerda-Queiroz N, Rodrigues DH, Lima GK, Arantes RM, Kroon EG, da Silva Campos MA, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL (2009) The chemokine CCL5 is essential for leukocyte recruitment in a model of severe Herpes simplex encephalitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1153:256–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03959.x
Vilela MC, Lima GK, Rodrigues DH, Lacerda-Queiroz N, Pedroso VSP, Miranda AS, Rachid MA, Kroon EG, Campos MA, Teixeira MM, Sellner J, Teixeira AL (2013) Absence of CCR5 increases neutrophil recruitment in severe herpetic encephalitis. BMC Neurosci 14:19–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-14-19
Vilela MC, Lima GK, Rodrigues DH, Lacerda-Queiroz N, Mansur DS, de Miranda AS, Rachid MA, Kroon EG, Vieira LQ, Campos MA, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL (2010) TNFR1 plays a critical role in the control of severe HSV-1 encephalitis. Neurosci Lett 479(1):58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.028
Vilela MC, Lima GK, Rodrigues DH, Lacerda-Queiroz N, Pedroso VS, de Miranda AS, Rachid MA, Kroon EG, Campos MA, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL (2016) Platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor deletion or antagonism attenuates severe HSV-1 meningoencephalitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 11(4):613–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-016-9684-7
Amaral DC, Rachid MA, Vilela MC, Campos RD, Ferreira GP, Rodrigues DH, Lacerda-Queiroz N, Miranda AS, Costa VV, Campos MA, Kroon EG, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL (2011) Intracerebral infection with dengue-3 virus induces meningoencephalitis and behavioral changes that precede lethality in mice. J Neuroinflammation 8:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-23
Lacerda-Queiroz N, Rodrigues DH, Vilela MC, Miranda AS, Amaral DC, Camargos ER, Carvalho LJ, Howe CL, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL (2010) Inflammatory changes in the central nervous system are associated with behavioral impairment in Plasmodium berghei (strain ANKA)-infected mice. Exp Parasitol 125(3):271–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2010.02.002
Lacerda-Queiroz N, Rodrigues DH, Vilela MC, Rachid MA, Soriani FM, Sousa LP, Campos RD, Quesniaux VF, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL (2012) Platelet-activating factor receptor is essential for the development of experimental cerebral malaria. Am J Pathol 180(1):246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.09.038
Lacerda-Queiroz N, Lima OC, Carneiro CM, Vilela MC, Teixeira AL, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Araujo MS, Martins-Filho OA, Braga EM, Carvalho-Tavares J (2011) Plasmodium berghei NK65 induces cerebral leukocyte recruitment in vivo: an intravital microscopic study. Acta Trop 120(1–2):31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.04.020
Faleiros BE, Miranda AS, Campos AC, Gomides LF, Kangussu LM, Guatimosim C, Camargos ERS, Menezes GB, Rachid MA, Teixeira AL (2014) Up-regulation of brain cytokines and chemokines mediates neurotoxicity in early acute liver failure by a mechanism independent of microglial activation. Brain Res 1578(Supplement C):49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.001
Teixeira MM, Vilela MC, Soriani FM, Rodrigues DH, Teixeira AL (2010) Using intravital microscopy to study the role of chemokines during infection and inflammation in the central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 224(1–2):62–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.018
Prunier C, Chen N, Ritsma L, Vrisekoop N (2017) Procedures and applications of long-term intravital microscopy. Methods 128:52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.06.029
Cabrales P, Carvalho LJ (2010) Intravital microscopy of the mouse brain microcirculation using a closed cranial window. J Vis Exp (45). https://doi.org/10.3791/2184
Holtmaat A, Bonhoeffer T, Chow DK, Chuckowree J, De Paola V, Hofer SB, Hubener M, Keck T, Knott G, Lee WC, Mostany R, Mrsic-Flogel TD, Nedivi E, Portera-Cailliau C, Svoboda K, Trachtenberg JT, Wilbrecht L (2009) Long-term, high-resolution imaging in the mouse neocortex through a chronic cranial window. Nat Protoc 4(8):1128–1144. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2009.89
Mostany R, Portera-Cailliau C (2008) A craniotomy surgery procedure for chronic brain imaging. J Vis Exp 12:680. https://doi.org/10.3791/680
Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Rom S, Persidsky Y (2015) Craniula: a cranial window technique for prolonged imaging of brain surface vasculature with simultaneous adjacent intracerebral injection. Fluids Barriers CNS 12:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-015-0021-y
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil), and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for financial support. ASM is a 2016 NARSAD Young Investigator Grant Awardee from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
de Miranda, A.S., Cordeiro, T.M., Rachid, M.A., Teixeira, A.L. (2019). Recording Leukocyte Rolling and Adhesion on Meningeal Vessels by Intravital Microscopy. In: Barichello, T. (eds) Blood-Brain Barrier. Neuromethods, vol 142. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8946-1_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8946-1_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8945-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8946-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols