Skip to main content

Immunofluorescence Assay to Study Early Events of Vector Salivary Gland Colonization by Phytoplasmas

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Phytoplasmas

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1875))

Abstract

To visualize phytoplasmas at early stages of vector infection, an immunofluorescence assay was developed. The chapter provides experimental details on dissection of salivary glands, incubation of the dissected organs with phytoplasma suspension, fixation, embedding, sectioning, labeling, and final visualization with confocal microscopy. All the procedure will be described for the leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus, natural vector of “Candidatus phytoplasma asteris” and laboratory vector of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Weintraub PG, Beanland L (2006) Insect vectors of phytoplasmas. Annu Rev Entomol 51:91–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Purcell AH (1982) Insect vector relationships with prokaryotic plant pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 20:397–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Gratz NG (1999) Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Annu Rev Entomol 44:51–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bosco D, D’Amelio R (2010) Transmission specificity and competition of multiple phytoplasmas in the insect vector. In: Weintraub PG, Jones P (eds) Phytoplasmas: genomes, plant hosts, and vectors. CABI, Wallingford, UK, pp 293–308

    Google Scholar 

  5. Toruño TY, Šeruga Musić M, Simi S (2010) Phytoplasma PMU1 exists as linear chromosomal and circular extrachromosomal elements and has enhanced expression in insect vectors compared with plant hosts. Mol Microbiol 77:1406–1415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Dubrana MP, Guegueniat J, Bertin C et al (2017) Proteolytic post-translational processing of adhesins in a pathogenic bacterium. J Mol Biol 429:1889–1902

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Arricau-Bouvery N, Duret S, Dubrana MP et al (2017) The variable membrane protein VmpA of flavescence dorée phytoplasma interacts with cells of the insect vector. Paper presented at the 3rd international symposium on the Hemipteran-Plant Interactions, University of Madrid, Madrid (S), 4–8 June 2017

    Google Scholar 

  8. Galetto L, Bosco D, Balestrini R et al (2011) The major antigenic membrane protein of ‘Candidatus phytoplasma asteris’ selectively interacts with ATP synthase and actin of leafhopper vectors. PLoS One 6:e22571

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ishii Y, Oshima K, Kakizawa S et al (2009) Process of reductive evolution during 10 years in plasmids of a non-insect-transmissible phytoplasma. Gene 446(2):51–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Neriya Y, Sugawara K, Maejima K et al (2011) Cloning, expression analysis, and sequence diversity of genes encoding two different immunodominant membrane proteins in poinsettia branch-inducing phytoplasma (PoiBI). FEMS Microbiol Lett 324:38–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Suzuki S, Oshima K, Kakizawa S et al (2006) Interaction between the membrane protein of a pathogen and insect microfilament complex determines insect-vector specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:4252–4257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rashidi M, Galetto L, Bosco D et al (2015) Role of the major antigenic membrane protein in phytoplasma transmission by two insect vector species. BMC Microbiol 15:193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bressan A, Clair D, Semetey O et al (2006) Insect injection and artificial feeding bioassays to test the vector specificity of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma. Phytopathology 96:790–796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lefol C, Caudwell A, Lherminier J et al (1993) Attachment of the Flavescence dorée pathogen (MLO) to leafhopper vectors and other insects. Ann Appl Biol 123:611–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rashidi M, D’Amelio R, Galetto L et al (2014) Interactive transmission of two phytoplasmas by the vector insect. Ann Appl Biol 165:404–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Galetto L, Fletcher J, Bosco D et al (2008) Characterization of putative membrane protein genes of the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’, chrysanthemum yellows isolate. Can J Microbiol 54:341–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cristina Marzachì .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Galetto, L., Vallino, M., Rashidi, M., Marzachì, C. (2019). Immunofluorescence Assay to Study Early Events of Vector Salivary Gland Colonization by Phytoplasmas. In: Musetti, R., Pagliari, L. (eds) Phytoplasmas. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1875. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8837-2_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8837-2_23

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8836-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8837-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics