Abstract
Meconium, the first stool of a newborn, can be analyzed to identify prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse. Meconium accumulates in a fetus during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy providing a wide window of exposure. Identification of in utero drug exposure is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of infants for dependency/withdrawal caused from the exposure. However, testing of meconium samples is often cumbersome and time-consuming. Unlike liquid samples, meconium is a viscous, semisolid, tar-like substance that needs to be individually weighed prior to extraction. Additionally, the meconium matrix is not homogeneous and not easily mixed or extracted. A method for analyzing cocaine and metabolites as well as amphetamines in meconium utilizing ceramic homogenizers prior to salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
SAMHSA (2016) Results from the 2015 national survey on drug use and health: detailed tables. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017
Huestis MA, Choo RE (2002) Drug abuse’s smallest victims: in utero drug exposure. Forensic Sci Int 128:20–30
Płotka J, Narkowicz S, Polkowska Ż, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J (2014) Effects of addictive substances during pregnancy and infancy and their analysis in biological materials. In: Whitacre D (ed) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol 227. Springer International Publishing, Basel, Switzerland
Narkowicz S, Płotka J, Polkowska Ż, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J (2013) Prenatal exposure to substance of abuse: a worldwide problem. Environ Int 54:141–163
Lozano J, Garcia-Algar O, Vall O, Torre R, Scaravelli G, Pichini S (2007) Biological matrices for the evaluation of in utero exposure to drugs of abuse. Ther Drug Monit 29:711–734
Mantovani Cde C, Lima MB, Oliveira CD, Menck Rde A, Diniz EM, Yonamine M (2014) Development and practical application of accelerated solvent extraction for the isolation of cocaine/crack biomarkers in meconium. J Chromatogr B 957:14–23
Gray TR, Kelly T, LaGasse LL et al (2009) Novel biomarkers of prenatal methamphetamine exposure in human meconium. Ther Drug Monit 31:70–75
Bordin D, Alves M, Cabices O et al (2014) A rapid assay for the simultaneous determination of nicotine, cocaine and metabolites in meconium using disposable pipette extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 38:31–38
Cabarcos P, Tabernero J Alvarez I et al (2012) A new method for quantifying prenatal exposure to ethanol by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of meconium followed by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 404:147–155
Valente IM, Gonçalves LM, Rodrigues JA (2013) Another glimpse over the salting—out assisted liquid—liquid extraction in acetonitrile/water mixtures. J Chromatogr A 1308:58–62
Miller AM, Goggin MM, Nguyen A, Gozum SD, Janis GC (2017) Profiting from probability; combining low and high probability isotopes as a tool extending the dynamic range of an assay measuring AMPHETAMINE and methamphetamine in urine. J Anal Toxicol 41:355–359
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Goggin, M.M., Janis, G.C. (2019). Salt-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Meconium for Analysis of Cocaine and Amphetamines by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. In: Langman, L., Snozek, C. (eds) LC-MS in Drug Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1872. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8823-5_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8823-5_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8822-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8823-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols