Abstract
Epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, play a crucial role in the development, behavior, and stress response of insects yet the analysis of DNA methylation patterns remains quite challenging. This chapter will introduce the different technologies for DNA methylation analysis and present a general methodology for the analysis of DNA methylation patterns using the commonly used technology of bisulfite sequencing. The chapter will give a short overview of the sequencing technology itself and will primarily focus on presenting the bioinformatic and statistical analysis methodology of bisulfite sequencing data to study DNA methylation patterns.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Suzuki MM, Bird A (2008) DNA methylation landscapes: provocative insights from epigenomics. Nat Rev Genet 9(6):465–476. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2341
Fu Y, Luo GZ, Chen K, Deng X, Yu M, Han D, Hao Z, Liu J, Lu X, Dore LC, Weng X, Ji Q, Mets L, He C (2015) N6-methyldeoxyadenosine marks active transcription start sites in Chlamydomonas. Cell 161(4):879–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.010
Greer EL, Blanco MA, Gu L, Sendinc E, Liu J, Aristizabal-Corrales D, Hsu CH, Aravind L, He C, Shi Y (2015) DNA methylation on N6-Adenine in C. elegans. Cell 161(4):868–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.005
Sun Q, Huang S, Wang X, Zhu Y, Chen Z, Chen D (2015) N6-methyladenine functions as a potential epigenetic mark in eukaryotes. Bioessays 37(11):1155–1162. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201500076
Zhang G, Huang H, Liu D, Cheng Y, Liu X, Zhang W, Yin R, Zhang D, Zhang P, Liu J, Li C, Liu B, Luo Y, Zhu Y, Zhang N, He S, He C, Wang H, Chen D (2015) N6-methyladenine DNA modification in Drosophila. Cell 161(4):893–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.018
Laird PW (2010) Principles and challenges of genomewide DNA methylation analysis. Nat Rev Genet 11(3):191–203. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2732
Kurdyukov S, Bullock M (2016) DNA methylation analysis: choosing the right method. Biology (Basel) 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology5010003
Warnecke PM, Stirzaker C, Song J, Grunau C, Melki JR, Clark SJ (2002) Identification and resolution of artifacts in bisulfite sequencing. Methods 27(2):101–107
Millar DS, Warnecke PM, Melki JR, Clark SJ (2002) Methylation sequencing from limiting DNA: embryonic, fixed, and microdissected cells. Methods 27(2):108–113
Holmes EE, Jung M, Meller S, Leisse A, Sailer V, Zech J, Mengdehl M, Garbe LA, Uhl B, Kristiansen G, Dietrich D (2014) Performance evaluation of kits for bisulfite-conversion of DNA from tissues, cell lines, FFPE tissues, aspirates, lavages, effusions, plasma, serum, and urine. PLoS One 9(4):e93933. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093933
Gatzmann F, Lyko F (2018) Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing for the methylation analysis of insect genomes. In: Brown S, Pfrender M (eds) Insect genomics, methods in molecular biology, vol XXX. Springer-Nature, New York
Warnecke PM, Stirzaker C, Melki JR, Millar DS, Paul CL, Clark SJ (1997) Detection and measurement of PCR bias in quantitative methylation analysis of bisulphite-treated DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 25(21):4422–4426
Krueger F, Kreck B, Franke A, Andrews SR (2012) DNA methylome analysis using short bisulfite sequencing data. Nat Methods 9(2):145–151. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1828
Field D, Tiwari B, Booth T, Houten S, Swan D, Bertrand N, Thurston M (2006) Open software for biologists: from famine to feast. Nat Biotechnol 24(7):801–803. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0706-801
Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B (2014) Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30(15):2114–2120. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170
Krueger F, Andrews SR (2011) Bismark: a flexible aligner and methylation caller for Bisulfite-Seq applications. Bioinformatics 27(11):1571–1572. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr167
Langmead B, Trapnell C, Pop M, Salzberg SL (2009) Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome. Genome Biol 10(3):R25. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2009-10-3-r25
Gentleman RC, Carey VJ, Bates DM, Bolstad B, Dettling M, Dudoit S, Ellis B, Gautier L, Ge Y, Gentry J, Hornik K, Hothorn T, Huber W, Iacus S, Irizarry R, Leisch F, Li C, Maechler M, Rossini AJ, Sawitzki G, Smith C, Smyth G, Tierney L, Yang JY, Zhang J (2004) Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics. Genome Biol 5(10):R80. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r80
Kunde-Ramamoorthy G, Coarfa C, Laritsky E, Kessler NJ, Harris RA, Xu M, Chen R, Shen L, Milosavljevic A, Waterland RA (2014) Comparison and quantitative verification of mapping algorithms for whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res 42(6):e43. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1325
Bonasio R, Li Q, Lian J, Mutti NS, Jin L, Zhao H, Zhang P, Wen P, Xiang H, Ding Y, Jin Z, Shen SS, Wang Z, Wang W, Wang J, Berger SL, Liebig J, Zhang G, Reinberg D (2012) Genome-wide and caste-specific DNA methylomes of the ants Camponotus floridanus and Harpegnathos saltator. Curr Biol 22(19):1755–1764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.042
Pegoraro M, Bafna A, Davies NJ, Shuker DM, Tauber E (2016) DNA methylation changes induced by long and short photoperiods in Nasonia. Genome Res 26(2):203–210. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.196204.115
Rehan SM, Glastad KM, Lawson SP, Hunt BG (2016) The Genome and Methylome of a Subsocial Small Carpenter Bee, Ceratina calcarata. Genome Biol Evol 8(5):1401–1410. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evw079
Akalin A, Kormaksson M, Li S, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Figueroa ME, Melnick A, Mason CE (2012) methylKit: a comprehensive R package for the analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation profiles. Genome Biol 13(10):R87. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2012-13-10-r87
Hansen KD, Langmead B, Irizarry RA (2012) BSmooth: from whole genome bisulfite sequencing reads to differentially methylated regions. Genome Biol 13(10):R83. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2012-13-10-r83
Feng H, Conneely KN, Wu H (2014) A Bayesian hierarchical model to detect differentially methylated loci from single nucleotide resolution sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 42(8):e69. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku154
Wu H, Xu T, Feng H, Chen L, Li B, Yao B, Qin Z, Jin P, Conneely KN (2015) Detection of differentially methylated regions from whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data without replicates. Nucleic Acids Res 43(21):e141. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv715
Park Y, Wu H (2016) Differential methylation analysis for BS-seq data under general experimental design. Bioinformatics 32(10):1446–1453. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw026
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Asselman, J. (2019). Bioinformatic Analysis of Methylation Patterns Using Bisulfite Sequencing Data. In: Brown, S., Pfrender, M. (eds) Insect Genomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1858. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8775-7_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8775-7_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8774-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8775-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols