Skip to main content

Dorsal Ear Skin Window for Intravital Imaging and Functional Analysis of Lymphangiogenesis

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1846))

Abstract

Postdevelopmental lymphangiogenesis occurs in chronic inflammation and wound healing, and here we describe a window preparation in the mouse ear in which lymphangiogenesis can be observed and manipulated. This model has many advantages, including access for intravital immunostaining and imaging to assess morphological features and regeneration kinetics, as well as functional assays such as lymphatic clearance. We describe five procedures: (1) the creation of a collagen–fibrin-filled window in the mouse ear as a model for regenerative lymphangiogenesis, (2) intravital immunostaining for live analysis of morphology and structure, (3) lymphatic clearance assay for functional quantification, (4) whole-mount imaging with tissue clearing for confocal imaging, and (5) postmortem lymphangiography. These procedures allow for identification of morphological and functional abnormalities in both preexisting and newly formed lymphatic vessels.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Escobedo N, Oliver G (2017) The lymphatic vasculature: its role in adipose metabolism and obesity. Cell Metab 26(4):598–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.020

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Baluk P, Tammela T, Ator E, Lyubynska N, Achen MG, Hicklin DJ, Jeltsch M, Petrova TV, Pytowski B, Stacker SA, Yla-Herttuala S, Jackson DG, Alitalo K, McDonald DM (2005) Pathogenesis of persistent lymphatic vessel hyperplasia in chronic airway inflammation. J Clin Invest 115(2):247–257. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI22037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Tan KW, Chong SZ, Angeli V (2014) Inflammatory lymphangiogenesis: cellular mediators and functional implications. Angiogenesis 17(2):373–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Liao S, von der Weid PY (2014) Inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic dysfunction. Angiogenesis 17(2):325–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-014-9416-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Yoshimatsu Y, Miyazaki H, Watabe T (2016) Roles of signaling and transcriptional networks in pathological lymphangiogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 99(Pt B):161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.020

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Yamashita M (2016) Lymphangiogenesis and lesion heterogeneity in interstitial lung diseases. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med 9(Suppl 1):111–121. https://doi.org/10.4137/CCRPM.S33856

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Varricchi G, Granata F, Loffredo S, Genovese A, Marone G (2015) Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in inflammatory skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 73(1):144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.041

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kim H, Kataru RP, Koh GY (2014) Inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis: a double-edged sword? J Clin Invest 124(3):936–942. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI71607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Yazdani S, Navis G, Hillebrands JL, van Goor H, van den Born J (2014) Lymphangiogenesis in renal diseases: passive bystander or active participant? Expert Rev Mol Med 16:e15. https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2014.18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Abouelkheir GR, Upchurch BD, Rutkowski JM (2017) Lymphangiogenesis: fuel, smoke, or extinguisher of inflammation's fire? Exp Biol Med 242(8):884–895. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370217697385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Stacker SA, Williams SP, Karnezis T, Shayan R, Fox SB, Achen MG (2014) Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodeling in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 14(3):159–172. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3677

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lund AW, Wagner M, Fankhauser M, Steinskog ES, Broggi MA, Spranger S, Gajewski TF, Alitalo K, Eikesdal HP, Wiig H, Swartz MA (2016) Lymphatic vessels regulate immune microenvironments in human and murine melanoma. J Clin Invest 126(9):3389–3402. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI79434

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Swartz MA (2014) Immunomodulatory roles of lymphatic vessels in cancer progression. Cancer Immunol Res 2(8):701–707. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fankhauser M, Broggi MAS, Potin L, Bordry N, Jeanbart L, Lund AW, Da Costa E, Hauert S, Rincon-Restrepo M, Tremblay C, Cabello E, Homicsko K, Michielin O, Hanahan D, Speiser DE, Swartz MA (2017). Tumor lymphangiogenesis promotes T cell infiltration and potentiates immunotherapy in melanoma. Sci Transl Med. 9(407). pii: eaal4712. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aal4712

  15. Baldwin HS, Drakos SG (2018) Lymphangiogenesis in chronic rejection and coronary allograft vasculopathy: an emerging diagnostic and therapeutic target? Circulation 137(5):504–507. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031716

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Yang JF, Walia A, Huang YH, Han KY, Rosenblatt MI, Azar DT, Chang JH (2016) Understanding lymphangiogenesis in knockout models, the cornea, and ocular diseases for the development of therapeutic interventions. Surv Ophthalmol 61(3):272–296

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Maisel K, Sasso MS, Potin L, Swartz MA (2017) Exploiting lymphatic vessels for immunomodulation: rationale, opportunities, and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 114:43–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Henri O, Pouehe C, Houssari M, Galas L, Nicol L, Edwards-Levy F, Henry JP, Dumesnil A, Boukhalfa I, Banquet S, Schapman D, Thuillez C, Richard V, Mulder P, Brakenhielm E (2016) Selective stimulation of cardiac lymphangiogenesis reduces myocardial edema and fibrosis leading to improved cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Circulation 133(15):1484–1497. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lin S, Rockson SG (2013) Imaging the lymphatic system in heart transplantation and its immunological implications. In: Loukas M, Shah S, Bhusnurmath S, Bhusnurmath BS, Karunamuni G (eds) The cardiac lymphatic system: an overview. Springer-Verlag, New York

    Google Scholar 

  20. Boardman KC, Swartz MA (2003) Interstitial flow as a guide for lymphangiogenesis. Circ Res 92(7):801–808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Rutkowski JM, Boardman KC, Swartz MA (2006) Characterization of lymphangiogenesis in a model of adult skin regeneration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291(3):H1402–H1410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pytowski B, Goldman J, Persaud K, Wu Y, Witte L, Hicklin DJ, Skobe M, Boardman KC, Swartz MA (2005) Complete and specific inhibition of adult lymphatic regeneration by a novel VEGFR-3 neutralizing antibody. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(1):14–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Guc E, Briquez PS, Foretay D, Fankhauser MA, Hubbell JA, Kilarski WW, Swartz MA (2017) Local induction of lymphangiogenesis with engineered fibrin-binding VEGF-C promotes wound healing by increasing immune cell trafficking and matrix remodeling. Biomaterials 131:160–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.033

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Güç E, Fankhauser M, Lund AW, Swartz MA, Kilarski WW (2014) Long-term intravital immunofluorescence imaging of tissue matrix components with epifluorescence and two-photon microscopy. J Vis Exp (86). https://doi.org/10.3791/51388

  25. Kilarski WW, Güç E, Teo JC, Oliver SR, Lund AW, Swartz MA (2013) Intravital immunofluorescence for visualizing the microcirculatory and immune microenvironments in the mouse ear dermis. PLoS One 8(2):e57135. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Kilarski WW, Petersson L, Fuchs PF, Zielinski MS, Gerwins P (2012) An in vivo neovascularization assay for screening regulators of angiogenesis and assessing their effects on pre-existing vessels. Angiogenesis 15(4):643–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-012-9287-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Kilarski WW, Samolov B, Petersson L, Kvanta A, Gerwins P (2009) Biomechanical regulation of blood vessel growth during tissue vascularization. Nat Med 15(6):657–664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Witold W. Kilarski .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Kilarski, W.W., Güç, E., Swartz, M.A. (2018). Dorsal Ear Skin Window for Intravital Imaging and Functional Analysis of Lymphangiogenesis. In: Oliver, G., Kahn, M. (eds) Lymphangiogenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1846. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8712-2_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8712-2_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8711-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8712-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics