Skip to main content

Functional Genomics and Seed Development in Medicago truncatula: An Overview

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Functional Genomics in Medicago truncatula

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1822))

Abstract

The study of seed development in the model species Medicago truncatula has made a significant contribution to our understanding of this process in crop legumes. Thanks to the availability of comprehensive proteomics and transcriptomics databases, coupled with exhaustive mutant collections, the roles of several regulatory genes in development and maturation are beginning to be deciphered and functionally validated. Advances in next-generation sequencing and the availability of a genomic sequence have made feasible high-density SNP genotyping, allowing the identification of markers tightly linked to traits of agronomic interest. A further major advance is to be expected from the integration of omics resources in functional network construction, which has been used recently to identify “hub” genes central to important traits.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Barker D, Bianchi S, Blondon F, Dattée Y, Duc G, Essad S et al (1990) Medicago truncatula, a model plant for studying the molecular genetics of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Plant Mol Biol Rep 8:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02668879

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Handberg K, Stougaard J (1992) Lotus japonicus, an autogamous, diploid legume species for classical and molecular-genetics. Plant J 2:487–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.1992.00487.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Young ND, Debellé F, Oldroyd GED, Geurts R, Cannon SB, Udvardi MK et al (2011) The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses. Nature 480:520–524. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10625

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Djemel N, Guedon D, Lechevalier A, Salon C, Miquel M, Prosperi JM et al (2005) Development and composition of the seeds of nine genotypes of the Medicago truncatula species complex. Plant Physiol Biochem 43:557–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.04.005

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lesins K, Lesins I (1979) Genus Medicago: a taxogenetic study. W. Junk, The Hague

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Munier-Jolain NG, Ney B (1998) Seed growth rate in grain legumes II. Seed growth rate depends on cotyledon cell number. J Exp Bot 49:1971–1976. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/49.329.1971

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Verdier J, Dessaint F, Schneider C, Abirached-Darmency M (2013a) A combined histology and transcriptome analysis unravels novel questions on Medicago truncatula seed coat. J Exp Bot 64:459–470. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gallardo K, Le Signor C, Vandekerckhove J, Thompson RD, Burstin J (2003) Proteomics of Medicago truncatula seed development establishes the time frame of diverse metabolic processes related to reserve accumulation. Plant Physiol 133:664–682. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.025254

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Watson BS, Asirvatham VS, Wang L, Sumner LW (2003) Mapping the proteome of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula). Plant Physiol 131:1104–1123. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.102.019034

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Gallardo K, Firnhaber C, Zuber H, Hericher D, Belghazi M, Henry C et al (2007) A combined proteome and transcriptome analysis of developing Medicago truncatula seeds: evidence for metabolic specialization of maternal and filial tissues. Mol Cell Proteomics 6:2165–2179. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M700171-MCP200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gallardo K, Kurt C et al (2006) In vitro culture of immature M. truncatula grains under conditions permitting embryo development comparable to that observed in vivo. Plant Sci 170(6):1052–1058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Repetto O, Rogniaux H et al (2008) Exploring the nuclear proteome of Medicago truncatula at the switch towards seed filling. Plant J 56(3):398–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kuster H, Hohnjec N et al (2004) Construction and validation of cDNA-based Mt6k-RIT macro- and microarrays to explore root endosymbioses in the model legume Medicago truncatula. J Biotechnol 108(2):95–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Firnhaber C, Puhler A et al (2005) EST sequencing and time course microarray hybridizations identify more than 700 Medicago truncatula genes with developmental expression regulation in flowers and pods. Planta 222(2):269–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Benedito VA, Torres-Jerez I, Murray JD, Andriankaja A, Allen S, Kakar K et al (2008) A gene expression atlas of the model legume Medicago truncatula. Plant J 55:504–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03519.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. He J, Benedito VA, Wang M, Murray JD, Zhao PX, Tang Y et al (2009) The Medicago truncatula gene expression atlas web server. BMC Bioinform 10:441. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-10-441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Verdier J, Kakar K, Gallardo K, Le Signor C, Aubert G, Schlereth A et al (2008) Gene expression profiling of M-truncatula transcription factors identifies putative regulators of grain legume seed filling. Plant Mol Biol 67:567–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-008-9320-x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kurdyukov S, Song Y, Sheahan MB, Rose RJ (2014) Transcriptional regulation of early embryo development in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Plant Cell Rep 33:349–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-013-1535-x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Terrasson E, Buitink J, Righetti K, Ly VB, Pelletier S, Zinsmeister J et al (2013) An emerging picture of the seed desiccome: confirmed regulators and newcomers identified using transcriptome comparison. Front Plant Sci 4:497. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00497

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Bustos-Sanmamed P, Bazin J et al (2013) Small RNA pathways and diversity in model legumes: lessons from genomics. Front Plant Sci 4:236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Sunkar R, Zhu JK (2004) Novel and stress-regulated microRNAs and other small RNAs from Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16(8):2001–2019

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Li J, Dai X, Liu T, Zhao PX (2012) LegumeIP: an integrative database for comparative genomics and transcriptomics of model legumes. Nucleic Acids Res 40:D1221–D1229. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr939

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Verdier J, Lalanne D, Pelletier S, Torres-Jerez I, Righetti K, Bandyopadhyay K et al (2013) A regulatory network based approach dissects late maturation processes related to the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and longevity of Medicago truncatula seeds. Plant Physiol 163:757–774. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.222380

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Righetti K, Vu JL et al (2015) Inference of longevity-related genes from a robust coexpression network of seed maturation identifies regulators linking seed storability to biotic defense-related pathways. Plant Cell 27(10):2692–2708

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wang M, Verdier J, Benedito VA, Tang Y, Murray JD, Ge Y et al (2013) LegumeGRN: a gene regulatory network prediction server for functional and comparative studies. PLoS One 8:e67434. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067434

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Thomas MR, Rose RJ, Nolan KE (1992) Genetic transformation of Medicago truncatula using Agrobacterium with genetically modified Ri and disarmed Ti plasmids. Plant Cell Rep 11:113–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00232161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Boisson-Dernier A, Chabaud M, Garcia F, Bécard G, Rosenberg C, Barker DG (2001) Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots of Medicago truncatula for the study of nitrogen-fixing and endomycorrhizal symbiotic associations. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 14:695–700. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.6.695

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Le Signor C, Savois V, Aubert G, Verdier J, Nicolas M, Pagny G et al (2009) Optimizing TILLING populations for reverse genetics in Medicago truncatula. Plant Biotechnol J 7:430–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00410.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Penmetsa RV, Cook DR (2000) Production and characterization of diverse developmental mutants of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 123:1387–1398. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.123.4.1387

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rogers C, Wen J, Chen R, Oldroyd G (2009) Deletion-based reverse genetics in Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 151:1077–1086. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.142919

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cheng X, Wang M, Lee H, Tadege M, Ratet P, Udvardi M et al (2014) An efficient reverse genetics platform in the model legume Medicago truncatula. New Phytol 201:1065–1076. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tadege M, Ratet P, Mysore KS (2005) Insertional mutagenesis: a Swiss Army knife for functional genomics of Medicago truncatula. Trends Plant Sci 10:229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2005.03.009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. D’Erfurth I, Cosson V, Eschstruth A, Lucas H, Kondorosi A, Ratet P (2003) Efficient transposition of the Tnt1 tobacco retrotransposon in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Plant J 34:95–106. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01701.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jiang C, Chen C, Huang Z, Liu R, Verdier J (2015) ITIS, a bioinformatics tool for accurate identification of transposon insertion sites using next-generation sequencing data. BMC Bioinform 16(72):72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-015-0507-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Porceddu A, Panara F, Calderini O, Molinari L, Taviani P, Lanfaloni L et al (2008) An Italian functional genomic resource for Medicago truncatula. BMC Res Notes 1:129. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-1-129

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Carelli M, Calderini O et al (2013) Reverse genetics in Medicago truncatula using a TILLING mutant collection. Methods Mol Biol 1069:101–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Iantcheva A, Vassileva V et al (2009) Development of functional genomic platform for model legume Medicago truncatula in Bulgaria. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 23(4):1440–1443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Rakocevic A, Mondy S, Tirichine L, Cosson V, Brocard L, Iantcheva A et al (2009) MERE1, a low-copy-number copia-type retroelement in Medicago truncatula active during tissue culture. Plant Physiol 151:1250–1263. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.138024

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Branca A, Paape TD et al (2011) Whole-genome nucleotide diversity, recombination, and linkage disequilibrium in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(42):E864–E870

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Le Signor C, Aimé D et al (2017) Genome-wide association studies with proteomics data reveal genes important for synthesis, transport and packaging of globulins in legume seeds. New Phytol 214:1597. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kang Y, Sakiroglu M, Krom N, Stanton-Geddes J, Wang M, Lee Y-C et al (2015) Genome-wide association of drought-related and biomass traits with HapMap SNPs in Medicago truncatula. Plant Cell Environ 38:1997–2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Serrani-Yarce JC, Lee H-K, Tadege M, Ratet P, Mysore KS (2013) Forward genetics screening of Medicago truncatula Tnt1 insertion lines. Methods Mol Biol. Legume genomics 1069:93–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kang Y, Li MY et al (2016) A snapshot of functional genetic studies in Medicago truncatula. Front Plant Sci 7:1175

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Ge L, Yu J, Wang H, Luth D, Bai G, Wang K, Chen R (2016) Increasing seed size and quality by manipulating BIG SEEDS1 in legume species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:12414–12419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Noguero M, Le Signor C, Vernoud V, Bandyopadhyay K, Sanchez M, Fu C et al (2015) DASH transcription factor impacts Medicago truncatula seed size by its action on embryo morphogenesis and auxin homeostasis. Plant J 81:453–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12742

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. D’Erfurth I, Le Signor C, Aubert G, Sanchez M, Vernoud V, Darchy B et al (2012) A role for an endosperm-localized subtilase in the control of seed size in legumes. New Phytol 196:738–751. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04296.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fiume E, Fletcher JC (2012) Regulation of Arabidopsis embryo and endosperm development by the polypeptide signaling molecule CLE8. Plant Cell 24(3):1000–1012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Mantiri FR, Kurdyukov S et al (2008) The transcription factor MtSERF1 of the ERF subfamily identified by transcriptional profiling is required for somatic embryogenesis induced by auxin plus Cytokinin in Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 146(4):1622–1636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Fatihi A, Boulard C et al (2016) Deciphering and modifying LAFL transcriptional regulatory network in seed for improving yield and quality of storage compounds. Plant Sci 250:198–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Baud S, Kelemen Z et al (2016) Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underpinning the transcriptional control of gene expression by master transcriptional regulators in Arabidopsis seed. Plant Physiol 171(2):1099–1112

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Carbonero P, Iglesias-Fernandez R et al (2017) The AFL subfamily of B3 transcription factors: evolution and function in angiosperm seeds. J Exp Bot 68(4):871–880

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Lara P, Oñate-Sánchez L et al (2003) Synergistic activation of seed storage protein gene expression in Arabidopsis by ABI3 and two bZIPs related to OPAQUE2. J Biol Chem 278(23):21003–21011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Chen S-K, Kurdyukov S et al (2009) The association of homeobox gene expression with stem cell formation and morphogenesis in cultured Medicago truncatula. Planta 230(4):827–840

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Curaba J, Moritz T et al (2004) AtGA3ox2, a key gene responsible for bioactive gibberellin biosynthesis, is regulated during embryogenesis by LEAFY COTYLEDON2 and FUSCA3 in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 136(3):3660–3669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Stone SL, Braybrook SA et al (2008) Arabidopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON2 induces maturation traits and auxin activity: implications for somatic embryogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(8):3151–3156

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. D’Hooghe P, Dubousset L, Gallardo K, Kopriva S, Avice J-C, Trouverie J (2014) Evidence for proteomic and metabolic adaptations associated to alterations of seed yield and quality in Sulphur-limited Brassica napus L. Mol Cell Proteomics 13:1165–1183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Vandecasteele C, Teulat-Merah B et al (2011) Quantitative trait loci analysis reveals a correlation between the ratio of sucrose/raffinose family oligosaccharides and seed vigour in Medicago truncatula. Plant Cell Environ 34(9):1473–1487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Leprince O, Pellizzaro A et al (2017) Late seed maturation: drying without dying. J Exp Bot 68(4):827–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Smoot ME, Ono K et al (2011) Cytoscape 2.8: new features for data integration and network visualization. Bioinformatics 27(3):431–432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bies-Etheve N, Gaubier-Comella P et al (2008) Inventory, evolution and expression profiling diversity of the LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) protein gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 67(1–2):107–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kotak S, Vierling E, Bäumlein H, von Koskull-Döring P (2007) A novel transcriptional cascade regulating expression of heat stress proteins during seed development of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19:182–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. González-Morales SI, Chávez-Montes RA et al (2016) Regulatory network analysis reveals novel regulators of seed desiccation tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113(35):E5232–E5241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Han Y, Neukermans J, Marquez-Garcia B, Queval G, Foyer CH (2012) Glutathione in plants: an integrated overview. Plant Cell Environ 35:454–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Cairns NG, Pasternak M, Wachter A, Cobbett CS, Meyer AJ (2006) Maturation of Arabidopsis seeds is dependent on glutathione biosynthesis within the embryo. Plant Physiol 141:446–455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Oliver MJ, Guo L, Alexander DC, Ryals JA, Wone BWM, Cushman JC (2011) A sister group contrast using untargeted global metabolomics analysis delineates the biochemical regulation underlying desiccation tolerance in Sporobolus stapfianus. Plant Cell 23:1231–1248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Lepiniec L, Debeaujon I et al (2006) Genetics and biochemistry of seed flavonoids. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57:405–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Peel GJ, Pang YZ et al (2009) The LAP1 MYB transcription factor orchestrates anthocyanidin biosynthesis and glycosylation in Medicago. Plant J 59(1):136–149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Verdier J, Zhao J et al (2012) MtPAR MYB transcription factor acts as an on switch for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(5):1766–1771

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Liu CG, Jun JH et al (2014) MYB5 and MYB14 play pivotal roles in seed coat polymer biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 165(4):1424–1439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Li PH, Chen BB et al (2016) Regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by Medicago truncatula bHLH transcription factor MtTT8. New Phytol 210(3):905–921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Jun JH, Liu CG et al (2015) The transcriptional repressor MYB2 regulates both spatial and temporal patterns of proanthocyandin and anthocyanin pigmentation in Medicago truncatula. Plant Cell 27(10):2860–2879

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Pang YZ, Cheng XF et al (2013) Medicago glucosyltransferase UGT72L1: potential roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. Planta 238(1):139–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Zhao J, Dixon RA (2009) MATE transporters facilitate vacuolar uptake of Epicatechin 3′-O-glucoside for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 21(8):2323–2340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Zhao J, Huhman D et al (2011) MATE2 mediates vacuolar sequestration of flavonoid glycosides and glycoside malonates in Medicago truncatula. Plant Cell 23(4):1536–1555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Li DF, Zhang YQ et al (2011) Transcriptional profiling of Medicago truncatula under salt stress identified a novel CBF transcription factor MtCBF4 that plays an important role in abiotic stress responses. BMC Plant Biol 11:109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Arraouadi S, Badri M et al (2012) QTL mapping of physiological traits associated with salt tolerance in Medicago truncatula recombinant inbred lines. Genomics 99(2):118–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Yoder JB, Stanton-Geddes J et al (2014) Genomic signature of adaptation to climate in Medicago truncatula. Genetics 196(4):1263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Badri M, Bouhaouel I et al (2016) Variation in tolerance to drought among Tunisian populations of Medicago truncatula. Plant Genet Resour 14(1):41–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Zhang JY, Cruz DE, Carvalho MH, Torres-Jerez I, Kang Y, Allen SN, Huhman DV et al (2014) Global reprogramming of transcription and metabolism in Medicago truncatula during progressive drought and after rewatering. Plant Cell Environ 37:2553–2576. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12328

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Tejedor-Cano J, Prieto-Dapena P et al (2010) Loss of function of the HSFA9 seed longevity program. Plant Cell Environ 33(8):1408–1417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Terrasson E, Darrasse A et al (2015) Identification of a molecular dialogue between developing seeds of Medicago truncatula and seedborne xanthomonads. J Exp Bot 66(13):3737–3752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard D. Thompson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Le Signor, C., Vernoud, V., Noguero, M., Gallardo, K., Thompson, R.D. (2018). Functional Genomics and Seed Development in Medicago truncatula: An Overview. In: Cañas, L., Beltrán, J. (eds) Functional Genomics in Medicago truncatula. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1822. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8633-0_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8633-0_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8632-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8633-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics