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Gangliosides and Tumors

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Gangliosides

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1804))

Abstract

Tumor-associated gangliosides play important roles in regulation of signal transduction induced by growth-factor receptors including EGFR, FGFR, HGF and PDGFR in a specific microdomain called glycosynapse in the cancer cell membranes, and in interaction with glycan recognition molecules involved in cell adhesion and immune regulation including selectins and siglecs. As the genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of tumor-associated gangliosides were identified, biological functions became clearer from the experimental results employing forced overexpression and/or knockdown/knockout of the genes. Studies on the regulatory mechanisms for their expression also achieved great advancements. Epigenetic silencing of glycan-related genes is a dominant mechanism in glycan alteration at early stages of carcinogenesis. Development of hypoxia resistance involving activation of a transcription factor HIF, and acquisition of cancer stem cell-like characteristics through epithelial–mesenchymal transition are important mechanisms for glycan modulations in the later stages of cancer progression. In the initial stages of studies, the gangliosides which specifically appear in cancers attracted attention under the name of tumor-associated gangliosides. However, it became apparent that not only the cancer-associated gangliosides but also the normal gangliosides present in nonmalignant cells and tissues perform important biological functions, and some of them tend to disappear in cancer cells resulting in the loss of the physiological functions, and this sometimes facilitates progression of cancers.

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Abbreviations

EMT:

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

GEM:

Glycolipid enriched microdomain

HIF:

Hypoxia inducible factor

iPS cells:

Inducible pluripotent stem cells

SSEA:

Stage-specific embryonic antigen

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Institute of Biomedical Sciences (IBMS), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

    Reiji Kannagi, Bi-He Cai, Hsiang-Chi Huang & Chia-Chun Chao

  2. Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan

    Reiji Kannagi & Keiichiro Sakuma

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  1. Reiji Kannagi
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  2. Bi-He Cai
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  3. Hsiang-Chi Huang
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Correspondence to Reiji Kannagi .

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  1. Department of Medical Biotech & Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Milano, Italy

    Sandro Sonnino

  2. Department of Medical Biotech & Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Milano, Italy

    Alessandro Prinetti

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Kannagi, R., Cai, BH., Huang, HC., Chao, CC., Sakuma, K. (2018). Gangliosides and Tumors. In: Sonnino, S., Prinetti, A. (eds) Gangliosides. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1804. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8552-4_6

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