Abstract
Thyroid hormone has a broad range of biological effects, both during development and in the adult. Nuclear thyroid hormone action is mediated by thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α and β. Thyroid hormone also has nongenomic actions at the membrane, which are less well characterized. Both TRα and TRβ undergo posttranslational modification, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and recently identified sumoylation. These posttranslational modifications have been shown to influence thyroid hormone signaling by altering TR DNA binding, TR interaction with cofactors, and TR-mediated transcription. The best characterized modification, with respect to gene regulation, is sumoylation, which plays an important role in nutrient regulators-mediated gene expression. We present an approach to study posttranslational modification of TR by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), a process referred to as sumoylation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA (2014) Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev 94:355–382
Liu YY, Kogai T, Schultz JJ, Mody K, Brent GA (2012) Thyroid hormone receptor isoform-specific modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modulates thyroid hormone-dependent gene regulation. J Biol Chem 287:36499–36508
Bernal J (2007) Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3:249–259
Tzagarakis-Foster C, Privalsky ML (1998) Phosphorylation of thyroid hormone receptors by protein kinase a regulates DNA recognition by specific inhibition of receptor monomer binding. J Biol Chem 273:10926–10932
Bhat MK, Ashizawa K, Cheng SY (1994) Phosphorylation enhances the target gene sequence-dependent dimerization of thyroid hormone receptor with retinoid X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:7927–7931
Goldberg Y, Glineur C, Gesquiere JC, Ricouart A, Sap J, Vennstrom B, Ghysdael J (1988) Activation of protein kinase C or cAMP-dependent protein kinase increases phosphorylation of the c-erbA-encoded thyroid hormone receptor and of the v-erbA-encoded protein. EMBO J 7:2425–2433
Lin HY, Hopkins R, Cao HJ, Tang HY, Alexander C, Davis FB, Davis PJ (2005) Acetylation of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily members: thyroid hormone causes acetylation of its own receptor by a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. Steroids 70:444–449
Becares N, Gage MC, Pineda-Torra I (2017) Post-translational modifications of lipid-activated nuclear receptors: focus on metabolism. Endocrinology 158(2):213–225
Flotho A, Melchior F (2013) Sumoylation: a regulatory protein modification in health and disease. Annu Rev Biochem 82:357–385
Geiss-Friedlander R, Melchior F (2007) Concepts in sumoylation: a decade on. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:947–956
Liu YY, Ayers S, Milanesi A, Teng X, Rabi S, Akiba Y, Brent GA (2015) Thyroid hormone receptor sumoylation is required for preadipocyte differentiation and proliferation. J Biol Chem 290:7402–7415
Tatham MH, Rodriguez MS, Xirodimas DP, Hay RT (2009) Detection of protein SUMOylation in vivo. Nat Protoc 4:1363–1371
Hwang J, Kalejta RF (2011) In vivo analysis of protein sumoylation induced by a viral protein: detection of HCMV pp71-induced Daxx sumoylation. Methods 55:160–165
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by NIH grant RO1DK98576 and VA Merit Review funds.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Liu, YY., Brent, G.A. (2018). Posttranslational Modification of Thyroid Hormone Nuclear Receptor by Sumoylation. In: Plateroti, M., Samarut, J. (eds) Thyroid Hormone Nuclear Receptor. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1801. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7902-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7902-8_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7901-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7902-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols