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Planarian Diversity and Phylogeny

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Book cover Planarian Regeneration

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1774))

Abstract

Hundreds of planarian species exist worldwide, representing a rich phenotypic diversity. This chapter presents an overview of the morphology and anatomy of various taxonomic groups of planarian flatworms, focusing on features enabling recognition and identification of the animals. The most recent view on the phylogenetic relationships of the planarians is presented, together with geographic distribution patterns of major groups of triclads. The chapter concludes with a brief methodological section outlining species identification on basis of anatomical features. In conjunction with the established laboratory model species, the phenotypic diversity of planarians provides rich opportunities for comparative studies, which this chapter aims to inspire.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. E. Solà (University of Barcelona) for making available Fig. 1; Dr. M. Vila-Farré (Max Planck Institute, Dresden) for providing the photos for our Fig. 2a, c, and f; Prof. M. Kawakatsu (Sapporo) for the photo for Fig. 2b; Dr A. van der Meijden (Universidade do Porto, Portugal) for making available the photo for Fig. 3b; and Dr. F. Carbayo (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil) for the photos for Fig. 3a and c. Drs L. Winsor and M. Kawakatsu are thanked for reading and commenting on a draft of the manuscript. Mr. N. Korenhof (Naturalis Biodiversity Center) is thanked for the digital rendering of the figures. RS extends his gratitude to Prof. Masaharu Kawakatsu for his enduring willingness, over a score number of years, to share his great expertise on matters concerning triclad flatworms. MR is grateful to the following former or present PhD students of the Molecular Phylogeny group at the Universitat de Barcelona for having contributed studies on the evolutionary relationships of triclad flatworms: Salvador Carranza, Jordi Paps, Marta Álvarez-Presas, Eva Lázaro, Eduard Solà, and Laia Leria.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Ronald Sluys

  2. Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Marta Riutort

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  1. Ronald Sluys
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  1. Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany

    Jochen C. Rink

Glossary

Apomorphy, apomorphic, apomorphous

A derived or advanced character that is unique to a particular group and therefore is group-defining

Bauplan

See Ground-plan

Body plan

See Ground-plan

Character

Any observable attribute or feature that can have more than one form or expression in different organisms

Clade

Any presumed monophyletic taxon or group of taxa

Cladistic, cladistics, cladism

A method of analyzing evolutionary relationships between taxa through grouping by synapomorphies and by classifying taxa solely on the basis of their recency of common ancestry

Cladogram

A tree diagram specifying a phylogenetic hypothesis

Class

A taxonomic category comprising one or more Orders

Derived character

See (syn)apomorphy

Diagnostic

Refers to characters that allow recognition and identification of a taxon

Ectoconsortic

Living on another organism without parasitizing on it

Family

A taxonomic category including one genus or a group of presumed monophyletic genera or tribes

Genus (plural: genera)

A category for a taxon including one species or a group of presumed monophyletic species

Gonochoristic

A species with separate sexes, i.e., with the male and female reproductive organs being in different individuals

Ground-plan (or Bauplan, or body plan)

Structural plan generalizing the anatomy of a group of organisms at a higher taxonomic rank, and a set of characters presumed to have been present in the hypothetical common ancestor of a group of taxa

Hermaphrodite

One individual with both male and female reproductive organs

Higher taxon/taxa

Taxa above the species level

Homology

Equivalence or sameness of organismic parts in two or more taxa resulting from inheritance from their common ancestor

Horizontal or frontal section or reconstruction

Any plane/section at right angles to the sagittal plane

Monophyletic

A taxon or group of taxa all members of which have a common ancestor, including all descendants of that ancestor

Monotypic

A taxon containing only one member of a subordinate taxon

Order

A taxonomic category including one or more Families

Paraphyletic

A group of taxa that does not include all descendants of their common ancestor, i.e., a group including a most recent common ancestor and only some of its descendants

Phylogenetic

Referring to evolutionary relationships based on a cladistic analysis

Phylum

A taxonomic category comprising one or more Classes

Polyphyletic

A group that does not include the common ancestor of all its members

Plesiomorphy

An ancestral character

Polytomy

Branching point in a phylogenetic tree from which three or more branches arise

Pyriform

Pear-shaped

Sagittal section or reconstruction

Any plane/section that passes along the longitudinal axis of the body

Sequential hermaphrodite

A hermaphroditic organism in which either the male or the female organs mature first

Sister group

A pair of taxa defined by one or more apomorphies and thus presumed to be each other’s closest relatives

Subfamily

A family-group rank below Family

Suborder

A taxonomic category below Order

Superfamily

A family-group rank above Family

Symplesiomorphy

An ancestral character shared by two or more taxa

Synapomorphy

A derived or apomorphic character shared by two or more taxa, defining a group of taxa and thus indicating their common ancestry

Systematic, systematics

Determining the hierarchical relationship among taxa, usually on the basis of a phylogenetic, cladistic analysis

Taxon (plural: taxa)

Any definable taxonomic group, whether named or not

Transverse section or reconstruction

Any plane/section that cuts at right angles across the longitudinal axis of the body; a cross section

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Sluys, R., Riutort, M. (2018). Planarian Diversity and Phylogeny. In: Rink, J. (eds) Planarian Regeneration. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1774. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7802-1_1

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