Abstract
Leguminous crops can form nodules to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2). Senescence of nodules is associated with a rapid decline in N fixation. During the process of nodule senescence, a number of visible or detectable changes on morphology, biochemistry, and physiology occur. Here we describe several methods for examining the senescing phenotypes of nodules, including rhizobium inoculation, nitrogenase activity determination with the acetylene reduction assay, leghemoglobin content determination, and apoptotic cell identification with TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Evans PJ, Gallesi D, Mathieu C et al (1999) Oxidative stress occurs during soybean nodule senescence. Planta 208:73–79
Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben-Sasson SA (1992) Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol 119:493–501
Haag AF, Baloban M, Sani M et al (2011) Protection of Sinorhizobium against host cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides is critical for symbiosis. PLoS Biol 9:e1001169
Bourcy M, Brocard L, Pislariu CI et al (2013) Medicago truncatula DNF2 is a PI-PLC-XD-containing protein required for bacteroid persistence and prevention of nodule early senescence and defense-like reactions. New Phytol 197:1250–1261
Wilson DO, Reisenauer HM (1963) Determination of leghemoglobin in legume nodules. Anal Biochem 6:27–30
Schiffmann J, Löbel R (1970) Haemoglobin determination and its value as an early indication of peanut rhizobium efficiency. Plant and Soil 33:501–512
Hardy RW, Holsten RD, Jackson EK et al (1968) The acetylene-ethylene assay for N2 fixation: laboratory and field evaluation. Plant Physiol 43(8):1185–1207
Pladys D, Rigaud J (1985) Senescence in french-bean nodules: occurrence of different proteolytic activities. Physiol Plant 63:43–48
Pérez Guerra JC, Coussens G, De Keyser A et al (2010) Comparison of developmental and stress-induced nodule senescence in Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 152(3):1574–1584
Van de Velde W, Guerra JC, De Keyser A et al (2006) Aging in legume symbiosis. A molecular view on nodule senescence in Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 141:711–720
Estrada-Navarrete G, Alvarado-Affantranger X, Elías Olivares J et al (2006) Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation of the Phaseolus spp.: a tool for functional genomics. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19:1385–1393
Jian B, Hou W, Wu C et al (2009) Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of super root-derived Lotus corniculatus plants: a valuable tool for functional genomics. BMC Plant Biol 9:78–93
Pfeiffer NE, Malik NSA, Wagner FW (1983) Reversible dark-induced senescence of soybean root nodules. Plant Physiol 71:393–399
Curioni PMG, Reidy B, Flura T, Vögeli-Lange R, Nösberger J, Hartwig UA (2000) Increased abundance of MTD1 and MTD2 mRNAs in nodules of decapitated Medicago truncatula. Plant Mol Biol 44:477–485
Alesandrini F, Frendo P, Puppo A et al (2003a) Isolation of a molecular marker of soybean nodule senescence. Plant Physiol Biochem 41:727–732
Alesandrini F, René M, Van de Sype G et al (2003) Possible roles for a cysteine protease and hydrogen peroxide in soybean nodule development and senescence. New Phytol 158:131–138
Webb CJ, Weiher CC, Johnson DA (2008) Isolation of a novel family of genes related to 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases from soybean and analysis of their expression during root nodule senescence. Plant Physiol 165(16):1736–1744
Li Y, Zhou L, Li Y et al (2008) A nodule-specific plant cysteine proteinase, AsNODF32, is involved in nodule senescence and nitrogen fixation activity of the green manure legume Astragalus sinicus. New Phytol 180:185–192
Webb KJ, Jensen EF, Heywood S et al (2010) Gene expression and nitrogen loss in senescing root systems of red clover (Trifolium pratense). J Agric Sci 148:579–591
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Xia, X. (2018). Phenotypic Analysis and Molecular Markers of Plant Nodule Senescence. In: Guo, Y. (eds) Plant Senescence. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1744. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7672-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7672-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7670-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7672-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols