Abstract
Gene regulatory network that determines the cellular functions exhibits stochastic fluctuations, or “noise,” in different layers. Noise has begun to be appreciated for many previously unrecognized functions in important cellular activities. In fact, molecular noise is unavoidable in both microbial and eukaryotic cells, the feedback system is established evolutionally to reduce noise or optimize the noise for cellular homeostasis. The small noncoding RNAs, particularly, microNRAs, post-transcriptionally and negatively regulate gene expressions. MicroRNAs function as a novel layer to buffer noise level, and stabilize mRNA and protein level to maintain normal cellular function. Furthermore, the changing of microRNA expression levels may increase the stochastic fluctuation leading to abnormal cellular function, even diseases.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Friedlander MR, Chen W, Adamidi C, Maaskola J, Einspanier R, Knespel S, Rajewsky N (2008) Discovering microRNAs from deep sequencing data using miRDeep. Nat Biotechnol 26:407–415
Raser JM, O'Shea EK (2004) Control of stochasticity in eukaryotic gene expression. Science 304:1811–1814
Raser JM, O'Shea EK (2005) Noise in gene expression: origins, consequences, and control. Science 309:2010–2013
Chalancon G, Ravarani CN, Balaji S, Martinez-Arias A, Aravind L, Jothi R, Babu MM (2012) Interplay between gene expression noise and regulatory network architecture. Trends Genet 28:221–232
Eldar A, Elowitz MB (2010) Functional roles for noise in genetic circuits. Nature 467:167–173
Chang HH, Oh PY, Ingber DE, Huang S (2006) Multistable and multistep dynamics in neutrophil differentiation. BMC Cell Biol 7:11
Chang HH, Hemberg M, Barahona M, Ingber DE, Huang S (2008) Transcriptome-wide noise controls lineage choice in mammalian progenitor cells. Nature 453:544–547
Fraser HB, Hirsh AE, Giaever G, Kumm J, Eisen MB (2004) Noise minimization in eukaryotic gene expression. PLoS Biol 2:e137
Swain PS, Elowitz MB, Siggia ED (2002) Intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to stochasticity in gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:12795–12800
Swain PS (2004) Efficient attenuation of stochasticity in gene expression through post-transcriptional control. J Mol Biol 344:965–976
Bundschuh R, Hayot F, Jayaprakash C (2003) The role of dimerization in noise reduction of simple genetic networks. J Theor Biol 220:261–269
Jia Y, Liu W, Li A, Yang L, Zhan X (2009) Intrinsic noise in post-transcriptional gene regulation by small non-coding RNA. Biophys Chem 143:60–69
Gironella M, Seux M, Xie MJ, Cano C, Tomasini R, Gommeaux J, Garcia S, Nowak J, Yeung ML, Jeang KT et al (2007) Tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1 expression is repressed by miR-155, and its restoration inhibits pancreatic tumor development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:16170–16175
Wang X, Li Y, Xu X, Wang YH (2010) Toward a system-level understanding of microRNA pathway via mathematical modeling. Biosystems 100:31–38
Guo H, Ingolia NT, Weissman JS, Bartel DP (2010) Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels. Nature 466:835–840
Herranz H, Cohen SM (2010) MicroRNAs and gene regulatory networks: managing the impact of noise in biological systems. Genes Dev 24:1339–1344
Tomasetti C, Vogelstein B (2015) Cancer etiology. Variation in cancer risk among tissues can be explained by the number of stem cell divisions. Science 347:78–81
Swanton C, Beck S (2014) Epigenetic noise fuels cancer evolution. Cancer Cell 26:775–776
Wu S, Powers S, Zhu W, Hannun YA (2016) Substantial contribution of extrinsic risk factors to cancer development. Nature 529:43–47
Capp JP (2010) Noise-driven heterogeneity in the rate of genetic-variant generation as a basis for evolvability. Genetics 185:395–404
Han R, Huang G, Wang Y, Xu Y, Hu Y, Jiang W, Wang T, Xiao T, Zheng D (2016) Increased gene expression noise in human cancers is correlated with low p53 and immune activities as well as late stage cancer. Oncotarget 7:72011–72020
Wu W, Cao W, Chan JA (2013) Regulation of MicroRNAs for potential cancer therapeutics: the paradigm shift from pathways to perturbation of gene regulatory networks. In: Lopez-Camarillo C, Marchat LA (eds) MicroRNAs in cancer. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 364–386
Grigolon S, Di Patti F, De Martino A, Marinari E (2016) Noise processing by microRNA-mediated circuits: the incoherent feed-forward loop, revisited. Heliyon 2:e00095
Iorio MV, Piovan C, Croce CM (1799) Interplay between microRNAs and the epigenetic machinery: an intricate network. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010:694–701
Volinia S, Galasso M, Costinean S, Tagliavini L, Gamberoni G, Drusco A, Marchesini J, Mascellani N, Sana ME, Abu Jarour R et al (2010) Reprogramming of miRNA networks in cancer and leukemia. Genome Res 20:589–599
Wilbert ML, Yeo GW (2011) Genome-wide approaches in the study of microRNA biology. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 3:491–512
Kim JK, Kolodziejczyk AA, Ilicic T, Teichmann SA, Marioni JC (2015) Characterizing noise structure in single-cell RNA-seq distinguishes genuine from technical stochastic allelic expression. Nat Commun 6:8687
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Wu, W. (2018). MicroRNA, Noise, and Gene Expression Regulation. In: Wu, W. (eds) MicroRNA and Cancer. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1699. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7435-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7435-1_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7433-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7435-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols