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Genomic Analysis and In Vivo Functional Validation of Brain Somatic Mutations Leading to Focal Cortical Malformations

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Genomic Mosaicism in Neurons and Other Cell Types

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 131))

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Abstract

Focal cortical malformation (FCM), such as focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and hemimegalencephaly (HME), is a major developmental brain malformation in the cerebral cortex leading to intractable epilepsy. The sporadic occurrence of most FCM and histologic characteristics of surgically resected brain tissue showing scattered dysmorphic cells suggest that FCM might be caused by a somatic mutation in an area affecting brain development. Indeed, recent genomic studies of these conditions have shown that low-frequency somatic mutations in PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway genes are a major genetic cause of FCM. In addition, functional validation using an in vivo disease model not only confirmed the causality of the identified somatic mutations but also helped to reveal their molecular genetic mechanisms. Here, we highlight the key points to be considered regarding the application of sequencing methods and bioinformatics analysis to identify brain somatic mutations with a low allelic frequency in FCM patients. In addition, we describe the generation of an in vivo disease model recapitulating the pathologic phenotype of FCM such as dysmorphic neurons, migration defects, and electrographic seizures. Our goal is to provide guidelines for the analysis of sequencing data and functional validation using a disease model of FCM caused by somatic mutations.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant of the Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (H15C3143, HI13C0208, and H16C0415), Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy, the Brain Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2013M3C7A1056564), and the KAIST Future Systems Healthcare Project from the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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  1. Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea

    Jae Seok Lim & Jeong Ho Lee

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  1. Jae Seok Lim
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  2. Jeong Ho Lee
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Correspondence to Jeong Ho Lee .

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  1. Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (IC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain

    José María Frade

  2. Biological Studies and Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

    Fred H. Gage

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Lim, J.S., Lee, J.H. (2017). Genomic Analysis and In Vivo Functional Validation of Brain Somatic Mutations Leading to Focal Cortical Malformations. In: Frade, J., Gage, F. (eds) Genomic Mosaicism in Neurons and Other Cell Types. Neuromethods, vol 131. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7280-7_15

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7280-7_15

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7279-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7280-7

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