Abstract
Chromosome conformation capture (3C) technology has revolutionized our knowledge on chromatin folding and nuclear organization. This cis-loop detection approach can be used to identify candidate regulatory elements interacting with target gene of interest. This chapter introduces the application of 3C technique to investigate a dynamic alteration in the chromosome folding structure or genomic architecture resulting from interaction changes between the enhancer and its target gene. Innate antiviral immunity is one of the well-known gene induction systems, involving rapid first-line response to virus or pathogen to trigger gene expression changes in order to protect cells and to limit further infection. Thus, the 3C technique can be a powerful tool for exploring how enhancers control expression of immunity genes during virus infection. 3C assay consists of four major steps: Cross-linking with formaldehyde, restriction enzyme digestion, ligation of cross-linked DNA fragments, and quantitative data analysis. Here, we discuss in detail the design, application, and data analysis of a 3C experiment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Chan YF, Marks ME, Jones FC, Villarreal G Jr, Shapiro MD, Brady SD, Southwick AM, Absher DM, Grimwood J, Schmutz J et al (2010) Adaptive evolution of pelvic reduction in sticklebacks by recurrent deletion of a Pitx1 enhancer. Science 327:302–305
Sagai T, Hosoya M, Mizushina Y, Tamura M, Shiroishi T (2005) Elimination of a long-range cis-regulatory module causes complete loss of limb-specific Shh expression and truncation of the mouse limb. Development 132:797–803
Heintzman ND, Hon GC, Hawkins RD, Kheradpour P, Stark A, Harp LF, Ye Z, Lee LK, Stuart RK, Ching CW et al (2009) Histone modifications at human enhancers reflect global cell-type-specific gene expression. Nature 459:108–112
Visel A, Rubin EM, Pennacchio LA (2009) Genomic views of distant-acting enhancers. Nature 461:199–205
Decque A, Joffre O, Magalhaes JG, Cossec JC, Blecher-Gonen R, Lapaquette P, Silvin A, Manel N, Joubert PE, Seeler JS et al (2016) Sumoylation coordinates the repression of inflammatory and anti-viral gene-expression programs during innate sensing. Nat Immunol 17:140–149
Jankowski A, Obara P, Mathur U, Tiuryn J (2016) Enhanceosome transcription factors preferentially dimerize with high mobility group proteins. BMC Syst Biol 10:14
Wang Y, Zhong H, Xie X, Chen CY, Huang D, Shen L, Zhang H, Chen ZW, Zeng G (2015) Long noncoding RNA derived from CD244 signaling epigenetically controls CD8+ T-cell immune responses in tuberculosis infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:E3883–E3892
Avgousti DC, Herrmann C, Kulej K, Pancholi NJ, Sekulic N, Petrescu J, Molden RC, Blumenthal D, Paris AJ, Reyes ED et al (2016) A core viral protein binds host nucleosomes to sequester immune danger signals. Nature 535:173–177
Banerjee AR, Kim YJ, Kim TH (2014) A novel virus-inducible enhancer of the interferon-beta gene with tightly linked promoter and enhancer activities. Nucleic Acids Res 42:12537–12554
Sarkar D, Leung EY, Baguley BC, Finlay GJ, Askarian-Amiri ME (2015) Epigenetic regulation in human melanoma: past and future. Epigenetics 10:103–121
Theofilopoulos AN, Baccala R, Beutler B, Kono DH (2005) Type I interferons (alpha/beta) in immunity and autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 23:307–336
Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Natsukawa T, Shinobu N, Imaizumi T, Miyagishi M, Taira K, Akira S, Fujita T (2004) The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat Immunol 5:730–737
Gobl AE, Funa K, Alm GV (1988) Different induction patterns of mRNA for IFN-alpha and -beta in human mononuclear leukocytes after in vitro stimulation with herpes simplex virus-infected fibroblasts and Sendai virus. J Immunol 140:3605–3609
Darnell JE Jr, Kerr IM, Stark GR (1994) Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 264:1415–1421
Taniguchi T, Ogasawara K, Takaoka A, Tanaka N (2001) IRF family of transcription factors as regulators of host defense. Annu Rev Immunol 19:623–655
de Veer MJ, Holko M, Frevel M, Walker E, Der S, Paranjape JM, Silverman RH, Williams BR (2001) Functional classification of interferon-stimulated genes identified using microarrays. J Leukoc Biol 69:912–920
Tolhuis B, Palstra RJ, Splinter E, Grosveld F, de Laat W (2002) Looping and interaction between hypersensitive sites in the active beta-globin locus. Mol Cell 10:1453–1465
Dekker J (2006) The three ‘C’ s of chromosome conformation capture: controls, controls, controls. Nat Methods 3:17–21
Dekker J, Marti-Renom MA, Mirny LA (2013) Exploring the three-dimensional organization of genomes: interpreting chromatin interaction data. Nat Rev Genet 14:390–403
Dekker J, Kim TH (2012) Cross-linking technologies for analysis of chromatin structure and function. CSH press, Cold spring harbor, New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Kim, Y.J., Kim, T.H. (2017). Chromosome Conformation Capture for Research on Innate Antiviral Immunity. In: Mossman, K. (eds) Innate Antiviral Immunity. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1656. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7237-1_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7237-1_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7236-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7237-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols