Abstract
Electroporation enables delivering bionanomolecules, such as DNAs, RNAs, siRNAs, and morpholinos, into chick embryos in a spatially and temporally restricted fashion. Recent advances in electroporation techniques allowed us to deliver transgenes into the restricted area of the limb bud and to analyze the function of the enhancers in the limb field. Here, we describe the introduction of transgenes by electroporation in the limb field and its application on enhancer analysis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Saunders JW Jr (1948) The proximo-distal sequence of origin of parts of the chick wing and the role of the ectoderm. J Exp Zool 108:363–404
Tickle C, Summerbell D, Wolpert L (1975) Positional signalling and specification of digits in chick limb morphogenesis. Nature 254(5497):199–202
Logan M, Tabin C (1998) Targeted gene misexpression in chick limb buds using avian replication-competent retroviruses. Methods 14(4):407–420
Muramatsu T, Mizutani Y, Ohmori Y, Okumura J (1997) Comparison of three nonviral transfection methods for foreign gene expression in early chicken embryos in ovo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 230(2):376–380
Yasugi S, Nakamura H (2000) Gene transfer into chicken embryos as an effective system of analysis in developmental biology. Dev Growth Differ 42(3):195–197
Ogura T (2002) In vivo electroporation: a new frontier for gene delivery and embryology. Differentiation 70(4–5):163–171
Suzuki T, Ogura T (2008) Congenic method in the chick limb buds by electroporation. Dev Growth Differ 50(6):459–465
Onimaru K, Kuraku S, Takagi W, Hyodo S, Sharpe J, Tanaka M (2015) A shift in anterior-posterior positional information underlies the fin-to-limb evolution. elife 4:e07048. doi:10.7554/eLife.07048Q2
Niwa H, Yamamura K, Miyazaki J (1991) Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector. Gene 108(2):193–199
Morgan BA, Fekete DM (1996) Manipulating gene expression with replication-competent retroviruses. Methods Cell Biol 51:185–218
Matsuo I, Kitamura M, Okazaki K, Yasuda K (1991) Binding of a factor to an enhancer element responsible for the tissue-specific expression of the chicken alpha A-crystallin gene. Development 113(2):539–550
Ogino H, Fisher M, Grainger RM (2008) Convergence of a head-field selector Otx2 and notch signaling: a mechanism for lens specification. Development 135(2):249–258
Acknowledgment
We thank Toshihiko Ogura and Jun Miyazaki for providing pCAGGS vectors, and Hajime Ogino for an EGFP reporter vector. We also thank Koh Onimaru for providing figures. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (25291086) to M.T.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Ueda, S., Suzuki, T., Tanaka, M. (2017). Transgene Introduction into the Chick Limb Bud by Electroporation. In: Sheng, G. (eds) Avian and Reptilian Developmental Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1650. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7216-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7216-6_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7215-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7216-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols