Abstract
Maternal-to-zygotic transition is an event that developmental control of early embryos is switched from oocyte-derived factors to the zygotic genome. Ability to inhibit DNA replication, transcription, and translation is an important tool in studying events, such as zygotic genome activation, during embyogenesis. Here, we describe approaches to block DNA replication, transcription, and translation using chemical inhibitors. Then we also demonstrate how the transcript level of a maternally inherited gene, ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 3, responses to the chemical treatments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Li L, Lu X, Dean J (2013) The maternal to zygotic transition in mammals. Mol Asp Med 34(5):919–938. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2013.01.003
Bachvarova R, Cohen EM, De Leon V, Tokunaga K, Sakiyama S, Paynton BV (1989) Amounts and modulation of actin mRNAs in mouse oocytes and embryos. Development 106(3):561–565
Bouniol C, Nguyen E, Debey P (1995) Endogenous transcription occurs at the 1-cell stage in the mouse embryo. Exp Cell Res 218(1):57–62
Braude P, Bolton V, Moore S (1988) Human gene expression first occurs between the four-and eight-cell stages of preimplantation development. Nature 332(6163):459–461
Davis D (1984) Culture and storage of pig embryos. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 33:115–124
Frei R, Schultz G, Church R (1989) Qualitative and quantitative changes in protein synthesis occur at the 8–16-cell stage of embryogenesis in the cow. J Reprod Fertil 86(2):637–641
Crosby I, Gandolfi F, Moor R (1988) Control of protein synthesis during early cleavage of sheep embryos. J Reprod Fertil 82(2):769–775
Wang QT, Piotrowska K, Ciemerych MA, Milenkovic L, Scott MP, Davis RW, Zernicka-Goetz M (2004) A genome-wide study of gene activity reveals developmental signaling pathways in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Dev Cell 6(1):133–144
Golbus MS, Calarco PG, Epstein CJ (1973) The effects of inhibitors of RNA synthesis (α-amanitin and actinomycin D) on preimplantation mouse embryogenesis. J Exp Zool 186(2):207–216
Warner CM, Versteegh LR (1974) In vivo and in vitro effect of α-amanitin on preimplantation mouse embryo RNA polymerase. Nature 248(5450):678–680
Jarrell V, Day B, Prather R (1991) The transition from maternal to zygotic control of development occurs during the 4-cell stage in the domestic pig, Sus scrofa: quantitative and qualitative aspects of protein synthesis. Biol Reprod 44(1):62–68
Iqbal K, Jin S-G, Pfeifer GP, Szabó PE (2011) Reprogramming of the paternal genome upon fertilization involves genome-wide oxidation of 5-methylcytosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108(9):3642–3647
Lee K, Hamm J, Whitworth K, Spate L, K-w P, Murphy CN, Prather RS (2014) Dynamics of TET family expression in porcine preimplantation embryos is related to zygotic genome activation and required for the maintenance of NANOG. Dev Biol 386(1):86–95
Yoshioka K, Suzuki C, Tanaka A, Anas IM-K, Iwamura S (2002) Birth of piglets derived from porcine zygotes cultured in a chemically defined medium. Biol Reprod 66(1):112–119
Mukherjee AB (1972) Normal progeny from fertilization in vitro of mouse oocytes matured in culture and spermatozoa capacitated in vitro. Nature 237:397–398
Mattioli M, Bacci M, Galeati G, Seren E (1989) Developmental competence of pig oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. Theriogenology 31(6):1201–1207
Kline D, Kline JT (1992) Repetitive calcium transients and the role of calcium in exocytosis and cell cycle activation in the mouse egg. Dev Biol 149(1):80–89
Wang W-H, Sun Q-Y, Hosoe M, Shioya Y, Day BN (1997) Quantified analysis of cortical granule distribution and exocytosis of porcine oocytes during meiotic maturation and activation. Biol Reprod 56(6):1376–1382
Abeydeera LR, Wang WH, Cantley TC, Rieke A, Prather RS, Day BN (1998) Presence of epidermal growth factor during in vitro maturation of pig oocytes and embryo culture can modulate blastocyst development after in vitro fertilization. Mol Reprod Dev 51(4):395–401
Kidson A, Colenbrander B, Verheijden J, Bevers M (2001) Polyspermia in the pig is dependent on both IVF medium and sperm dose during fertilization in vitro. In: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on pig reproduction, p 75
Martinez-Madrid B, Dominguez E, Alonso C, Diaz C, Garcia P, Sanchez R (2001) Effect of IVF medium and sperm concentration on fertilization parameters. In: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on pig reproduction, p 75
Petters R, Wells K (1992) Culture of pig embryos. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 48:61–73
Hamatani T, Carter MG, Sharov AA, Ko MS (2004) Dynamics of global gene expression changes during mouse preimplantation development. Dev Cell 6(1):117–131
Wang Q, Latham KE (1997) Requirement for protein synthesis during embryonic genome activation in mice. Mol Reprod Dev 47(3):265–270
Baranovskiy AG, Babayeva ND, Suwa Y, Gu J, Pavlov YI, Tahirov TH (2014) Structural basis for inhibition of DNA replication by aphidicolin. Nucleic Acids Res 42(22):14013–14021
Lo Y-S, Tseng W-H, Chuang C-Y, Hou M-H (2013) The structural basis of actinomycin D-binding induces nucleotide flipping out, a sharp bend and a left-handed twist in CGG triplet repeats. Nucleic Acids Res 41(7):4284–4294
Sobell HM (1985) Actinomycin and DNA transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci 82(16):5328–5331
Brueckner F, Cramer P (2008) Structural basis of transcription inhibition by α-amanitin and implications for RNA polymerase II translocation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15(8):811–818
Warfel AH, ELBERG S (1970) Specific inhibition of nuclear RNA polymerase II by a-amanitin. Science 170:447–449
Baumli S, Endicott JA, Johnson LN (2010) Halogen bonds form the basis for selective P-TEFb inhibition by DRB. Chem Biol 17(9):931–936
Chao S-H, Price DH (2001) Flavopiridol inactivates P-TEFb and blocks most RNA polymerase II transcription in vivo. J Biol Chem 276(34):31793–31799
Titov DV, Gilman B, He Q-L, Bhat S, Low W-K, Dang Y, Smeaton M, Demain AL, Miller PS, Kugel JF (2011) XPB, a subunit of TFIIH, is a target of the natural product triptolide. Nat Chem Biol 7(3):182–188
Schneider-Poetsch T, Ju J, Eyler DE, Dang Y, Bhat S, Merrick WC, Green R, Shen B, Liu JO (2010) Inhibition of eukaryotic translation elongation by cycloheximide and lactimidomycin. Nat Chem Biol 6(3):209–217
Mayer W, Niveleau A, Walter J, Fundele R, Haaf T (2000) Embryogenesis: demethylation of the zygotic paternal genome. Nature 403(6769):501–502
Santos F, Hendrich B, Reik W, Dean W (2002) Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation in the early mouse embryo. Dev Biol 241(1):172–182
Gu T-P, Guo F, Yang H, Wu H-P, Xu G-F, Liu W, Xie Z-G, Shi L, He X, S-g J (2011) The role of Tet3 DNA dioxygenase in epigenetic reprogramming by oocytes. Nature 477(7366):606–610
Wossidlo M, Nakamura T, Lepikhov K, Marques CJ, Zakhartchenko V, Boiani M, Arand J, Nakano T, Reik W, Walter J (2011) 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian zygote is linked with epigenetic reprogramming. Nat Commun 2:241
Kishida R, Lee E, Fukui Y (2004) In vitro maturation of porcine oocytes using a defined medium and developmental capacity after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Theriogenology 62(9):1663–1676
Isom SC, Whitworth KM, Prather RS (2012) Timing of first embryonic cleavage is a positive indicator of the in vitro developmental potential of porcine embryos derived from in vitro fertilization, somatic cell nuclear transfer and parthenogenesis. Mol Reprod Dev 79(3):197–207
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Uh, K., Lee, K. (2017). Use of Chemicals to Inhibit DNA Replication, Transcription, and Protein Synthesis to Study Zygotic Genome Activation. In: Lee, K. (eds) Zygotic Genome Activation. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1605. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6988-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6988-3_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6986-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6988-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols