Skip to main content

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1592))

Abstract

Food allergy is a public health concern especially after recognizing its constantly increased prevalence and severity. Despite careful reading of food ingredient statements, food allergic individuals may experience reactions caused by “hidden”, “masked”, or “contaminated” proteins that are known major allergens. Many techniques have been developed to detect even small traces of food allergens, for clinical or laboratory purposes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the best validated and most routinely used immunoassay in allergy research, in allergy diagnosis in allergy-related quality control in various industries. Although as a technique it has been implemented for the last 45 years, the evolution in biochemistry allowed the development of ultrasensitive ELISA variations that are capable of measuring quantities in the scale of picograms, rendering ELISA attractive, robust, and very famous.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Savage J, Johns CB (2015) Food allergy: epidemiology and natural history. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 35(1):45–59. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2014.09.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gray CL, Levin ME, Zar HJ, Potter PC, Khumalo NP, Volkwyn L, Fenemore B, du Toit G (2014) Food allergy in South African children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 25(6):572–579. doi:10.1111/pai.12270

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Baumann S, Lorentz A (2013) Obesity—a promoter of allergy? Int Arch Allergy Immunol 162(3):205–213. doi:10.1159/000353972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lack G (2012) Update on risk factors for food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129(5):1187–1197. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Marrs T, Bruce KD, Logan K, Rivett DW, Perkin MR, Lack G, Flohr C (2013) Is there an association between microbial exposure and food allergy? A systematic review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 24(4):311–320.e318. doi:10.1111/pai.12064

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Prescott S, Allen KJ (2011) Food allergy: riding the second wave of the allergy epidemic. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 22(2):155–160. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01145.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Wensing M, Penninks AH, Hefle SL, Akkerdaas JH, van Ree R, Koppelman SJ, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Knulst AC (2002) The range of minimum provoking doses in hazelnut-allergic patients as determined by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges. Clin Exp Allergy 32(12):1757–1762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hourihane JB, Kilburn SA, Nordlee JA, Hefle SL, Taylor SL, Warner JO (1997) An evaluation of the sensitivity of subjects with peanut allergy to very low doses of peanut protein: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 100(5):596–600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ewan PW, Clark AT (2001) Long-term prospective observational study of patients with peanut and nut allergy after participation in a management plan. Lancet 357(9250):111–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Joshi P, Mofidi S, Sicherer SH (2002) Interpretation of commercial food ingredient labels by parents of food-allergic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109(6):1019–1021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fuller HR, Goodwin PR, Morris GE (2006) An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the major crustacean allergen, tropomyosin, in food. Food Agric Immunol 17(1):43–52. doi:10.1080/09540100600572651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mariager B, SØlve M, Eriksen H, Brogren CH (1994) Bovine β-lactoglobulin in hypoallergenic and ordinary infant formulas measured by an indirect competitive ELISA using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Food Agric Immunol 6(1):73–83. doi:10.1080/09540109409354815

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sletten GB, Løvberg KE, Moen LH, Skarpeid HJ, Egaas E (2005) A comparison of time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay and ELISA in the detection of casein in foodstuffs. Food Agric Immunol 16(3):235–243. doi:10.1080/09540100500206020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Teuber SS, Sathe SK, Peterson WR, Roux KH (2002) Characterization of the soluble allergenic proteins of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.). J Agric Food Chem 50(22):6543–6549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sakai S, Adachi R, Akiyama H, Teshima R (2013) Validation of quantitative and qualitative methods for detecting allergenic ingredients in processed foods in Japan. J Agric Food Chem 61(24):5675–5680. doi:10.1021/jf3033396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Abbott M, Hayward S, Ross W, Godefroy SB, Ulberth F, Van Hengel AJ, Roberts J, Akiyama H, Popping B, Yeung JM, Wehling P, Taylor SL, Poms RE, Delahaut P (2010) Validation procedures for quantitative food allergen ELISA methods: community guidance and best practices. J AOAC Int 93(2):442–450

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. van Hengel AJ (2007) Food allergen detection methods and the challenge to protect food-allergic consumers. Anal Bioanal Chem 389(1):111–118. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1353-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dobrovolskaia E, Gam A, Slater JE (2006) Competition enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) can be a sensitive method for the specific detection of small quantities of allergen in a complex mixture. Clin Exp Allergy 36(4):525–530. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02466.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products NaA) (2014) Scientific opinion on the evaluation of allergenic foods and food ingredients for labelling purposes. EFSA J 12(11):286. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3894

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pedreschi R, Hertog M, Lilley KS, Nicolaï B (2010) Proteomics for the food industry: opportunities and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 50(7):680–692. doi:10.1080/10408390903044214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang W, Tai F, Chen S (2008) Optimizing protein extraction from plant tissues for enhanced proteomics analysis. J Sep Sci 31(11):2032–2039. doi:10.1002/jssc.200800087

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Damerval C, De Vienne D, Zivy M, Thiellement H (1986) Technical improvements in two-dimensional electrophoresis increase the level of genetic variation detected in wheat-seedling proteins. Electrophoresis 7(1):52–54. doi:10.1002/elps.1150070108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nandakumar MP, Shen J, Raman B, Marten MR (2003) Solubilization of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitated microbial proteins via NaOH for two-dimensional electrophoresis. J Proteome Res 2(1):89–93. doi:10.1021/pr025541x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Moure A, Sineiro J, Domínguez H, Parajó JC (2006) Functionality of oilseed protein products: a review. Food Res Int 39(9):945–963. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2006.07.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bodzon-Kulakowska A, Bierczynska-Krzysik A, Dylag T, Drabik A, Suder P, Noga M, Jarzebinska J, Silberring J (2007) Methods for samples preparation in proteomic research. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 849(1–2):1–31. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Deak NA, Murphy PA, Johnson LA (2006) Effects of NaCl concentration on salting-in and dilution during salting-out on soy protein fractionation. J Food Sci 71(4):C247–C254. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00028.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Barbin DF, Natsch A, MÜLler K (2011) Improvement of functional properties of rapeseed protein concentrates produced via alcoholic processes by thermal and mechanical treatments. J Food Process Preserv 35(3):369–375. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4549.2009.00476.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bader S, Oviedo JP, Pickardt C, Eisner P (2011) Influence of different organic solvents on the functional and sensory properties of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) proteins. LWT–Food Sci Tech 44(6):1396–1404. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2011.01.007

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Garcia E, Llorente M, Hernando A, Kieffer R, Wieser H, Mendez E (2005) Development of a general procedure for complete extraction of gliadins for heat processed and unheated foods. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17(5):529–539

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Pastorello EA, Trambaioli C (2001) Isolation of food allergens. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 756(1–2):71–84. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00072-X

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Konstantinou GN, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Bencharitiwong R, Bardina L, Sicherer SH, Sampson HA (2014) Egg-white-specific IgA and IgA2 antibodies in egg-allergic children: is there a role in tolerance induction? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 25(1):64–70. doi:10.1111/pai.12143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Konstantinou GN, Kim JS (2012) Paradigm shift in the management of milk and egg allergy: baked milk and egg diet. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 32(1):151–164. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2011.11.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Taylor SL, Nordlee JA, Niemann LM, Lambrecht DM (2009) Allergen immunoassays–considerations for use of naturally incurred standards. Anal Bioanal Chem 395(1):83–92. doi:10.1007/s00216-009-2944-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Schubert-Ullrich P, Rudolf J, Ansari P, Galler B, Fuhrer M, Molinelli A, Baumgartner S (2009) Commercialized rapid immunoanalytical tests for determination of allergenic food proteins: an overview. Anal Bioanal Chem 395(1):69–81. doi:10.1007/s00216-009-2715-y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Fremy JM, Usleber E (2003) Policy on characterization of antibodies used in immunochemical methods of analysis for mycotoxins and phycotoxins. J AOAC Int 86(4):868–871

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kato Y, Oozawa E, Matsuda T (2001) Decrease in antigenic and allergenic potentials of ovomucoid by heating in the presence of wheat flour: dependence on wheat variety and intermolecular disulfide bridges. J Agric Food Chem 49(8):3661–3665

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kato Y, Watanabe H, Matsuda T (2000) Ovomucoid rendered insoluble by heating with wheat gluten but not with milk casein. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 64(1):198–201. doi:10.1271/bbb.64.198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to George N. Konstantinou .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Konstantinou, G.N. (2017). Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). In: Lin, J., Alcocer, M. (eds) Food Allergens. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1592. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6925-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6925-8_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6923-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6925-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics