Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Smartphone-Based Colorimetric Reader for Human C-Reactive Protein Immunoassay

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Biosensors and Biodetection

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1571))

Abstract

A smartphone-based colorimetric reader (SBCR), comprising a Samsung Galaxy SIII mini, a gadget (iPAD mini, iPAD4, or iPhone 5s) and a custom-made dark hood and base holder assembly, is used for human C-reactive protein (CRP) immunoassay. A 96-well microtiter plate (MTP) is positioned on the gadget’s screensaver to provide white light-based bottom illumination only in the specific regions corresponding to the well’s bottom. The images captured by the smartphone’s back camera are analyzed by a novel image processing algorithm. Based on one-step kinetics-based human C-reactive protein immunoassay (IA), SBCR is evaluated and compared with a commercial MTP reader (MTPR). For analysis of CRP spiked in diluted human whole blood and plasma as well as CRP in clinical plasma samples, SBCR exhibits the same precision, dynamic range, detection limit, and sensitivity as MTPR for the developed IA (DIA). Considering its compactness, low cost, advanced features and a remarkable computing power, SBCR is an ideal point-of-care (POC) colorimetric detection device for the next-generation of cost-effective POC testing (POCT).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Vashist SK, Mudanyali O, Schneider EM et al (2014) Cellphone-based devices for bioanalytical sciences. Anal Bioanal Chem 406:3263–3277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/mis2013/MIS2013_without_Annex_4.pdf. Accessed 8 June 2015

  3. Vashist SK, Schneider EM, Luong JHT (2014) Commercial smartphone-based devices and smart applications for personalized healthcare monitoring and management. Diagnostics 4:104–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ozcan A (2014) Mobile phones democratize and cultivate next-generation imaging, diagnostics and measurement tools. Lab Chip 14:3187–3194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Vashist SK, van Oordt T, Schneider EM et al (2015) A smartphone-based colorimetric reader for bioanalytical applications using the screen-based bottom illumination provided by gadgets. Biosens Bioelectron 67:248–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Vashist SK, Schneider EM, Zengerle R et al (2015) Graphene-based rapid and highly-sensitive immunoassay for C-reactive protein using a smartphone-based colorimetric reader. Biosens Bioelectron 66:169–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Marnell L, Mold C, Du Clos TW (2005) C-reactive protein: ligands, receptors and role in inflammation. Clin Immunol 117:104–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Chiesa C, Natale F, Pascone R et al (2011) C reactive protein and procalcitonin: reference intervals for preterm and term newborns during the early neonatal period. Clin Chim Acta 412:1053–1059

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chiesa C, Panero A, Osborn JF et al (2004) Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: a clinical and laboratory challenge. Clin Chem 50:279–287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dollner H, Vatten L, Austgulen R (2001) Early diagnostic markers for neonatal sepsis: comparing C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors and soluble adhesion molecules. J Clin Epidemiol 54:1251–1257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nguyen-Vermillion A, Juul SE, McPherson RJ et al (2011) Time course of C-reactive protein and inflammatory mediators after neonatal surgery. J Pediatr 159:121–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Tappero E, Johnson P (2010) Laboratory evaluation of neonatal sepsis. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev 10:209–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. http://www.nomidalliance.org/downloads/comparative_chart_front.pdf. Accessed 8 June 2015

  14. Danner M, Kasl SV, Abramson JL et al (2003) Association between depression and elevated C-reactive protein. Psychosom Med 65:347–356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH (2006) Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol 27:24–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Spitzer C, Barnow S, Volzke H et al (2010) Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with low-grade elevation of C-reactive protein: evidence from the general population. J Psychiatr Res 44:15–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Lin MS, Shih SR, Li HY et al (2007) Serum C-reactive protein levels correlates better to metabolic syndrome defined by International Diabetes Federation than by NCEP ATP III in men. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 77:286–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Morimoto H, Sakata K, Oishi M et al (2013) Effect of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein on the development of diabetes as demonstrated by pooled logistic-regression analysis of annual health-screening information from male Japanese workers. Diabetes Metab 39:27–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Testa R, Bonfigli AR, Sirolla C et al (2008) C-reactive protein is directly related to plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) levels in diabetic subjects with the 4G allele at position −675 of the PAI-1 gene. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18:220–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kuo HK, Yen CJ, Chen JH et al (2007) Association of cardiorespiratory fitness and levels of C-reactive protein: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Int J Cardiol 114:28–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Park HE, Cho GY, Chun EJ et al (2012) Can C-reactive protein predict cardiovascular events in asymptomatic patients? Analysis based on plaque characterization. Atherosclerosis 224:201–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ridker PM (2003) High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk: rationale for screening and primary prevention. Am J Cardiol 92:17K–22K

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sicras-Mainar A, Rejas-Gutierrez J, Navarro-Artieda R et al (2013) C-reactive protein as a marker of cardiovascular disease in patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder treated in routine medical practice. Eur Psychiatry 28:161–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wilson AM, Ryan MC, Boyle AJ (2006) The novel role of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease: risk marker or pathogen. Int J Cardiol 106:291–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank PD Dr. Eberhard Barth for providing the leftover anonymized EDTA plasma samples of patients treated by intensive care at University Hospital Ulm, Germany for validating the DIA.

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA

      A. G. Venkatesh

    2. Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany

      Thomas van Oordt, Roland Zengerle, Felix von Stetten & Sandeep Kumar Vashist

    3. Sektion Experimentelle Anaesthesiologie, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany

      E. Marion Schneider

    4. Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany

      Roland Zengerle, Felix von Stetten & Sandeep Kumar Vashist

    5. Innovative Chromatography Group, Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), Department of Chemistry and Analytical, Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

      John H. T. Luong

    6. Immunodiagnostics Systems, Rue Ernst Solvay 101, Liege, 4000, Belgium

      Sandeep Kumar Vashist

    Authors
    1. A. G. Venkatesh
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Thomas van Oordt
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. E. Marion Schneider
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    4. Roland Zengerle
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    5. Felix von Stetten
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    6. John H. T. Luong
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    7. Sandeep Kumar Vashist
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding author

    Correspondence to Sandeep Kumar Vashist .

    Editor information

    Editors and Affiliations

    1. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA

      Avraham Rasooly

    2. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA

      Ben Prickril

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

    About this protocol

    Cite this protocol

    Venkatesh, A.G. et al. (2017). A Smartphone-Based Colorimetric Reader for Human C-Reactive Protein Immunoassay. In: Rasooly, A., Prickril, B. (eds) Biosensors and Biodetection. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1571. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6848-0_21

    Download citation

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6848-0_21

    • Published:

    • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

    • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6846-6

    • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6848-0

    • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

    Publish with us

    Policies and ethics

    Search

    Navigation