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Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers in Neuroinflammation: The Paradigm of Optic Neuritis

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Histamine Receptors as Drug Targets

Part of the book series: Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology ((MIPT))

Abstract

The central nervous system (CNS) is a complex organ that is isolated from the periphery due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recently, a large number of biomarkers have been identified, whose presence in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identifies a certain pathology. There are many different types of biomarkers reflecting alterations of the immune system, of BBB disruption, of demyelination, of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, of axonal/neuronal damage, of gliosis, of remyelination and repair, etc. Neuroinflammation is the specific adaptive response of brain tissue to mechanical damage, hypoxia, and metabolic stress. Optic neuritis, which is the inflammation of the optic nerve, is a specific neuroinflammatory condition that is strongly related to multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Scientific evidence derived from the experimental model of autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) points out the importance of histamine in the modulation of inflammatory responses in the brain. Related to clinical findings, histamine levels are high in the CSF of patients with MS. Optic neuritis, the inflammation of the optic nerve, is characterized by simultaneous activation of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes. Histamine’s effect in the brain is known to be strongly related to receptor activation. In this chapter, we propose a protocol for studying neuroinflammation and identifying an inflammatory profile in patients with optic neuritis, emphasizing mainly in the putative role of histamine in the modulation of demyelinating procedures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Evaggelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Dimitrios P. Besinis

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, The Hillingdon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Uxbridge, London, UK

    Dimitrios P. Besinis

  3. Demyelinating Diseases Clinic, Immunogenetics Laboratory, A′ Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilisis Sofias Ave 72-74, Athens, 115 28, Greece

    Maria C. Anagnostouli

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  1. Dimitrios P. Besinis
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  2. Maria C. Anagnostouli
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Correspondence to Maria C. Anagnostouli .

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  1. Department of Pharmacology Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Ekaterini Tiligada

  2. Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

    Madeleine Ennis

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Besinis, D.P., Anagnostouli, M.C. (2017). Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers in Neuroinflammation: The Paradigm of Optic Neuritis. In: Tiligada, E., Ennis, M. (eds) Histamine Receptors as Drug Targets. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6843-5_14

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