Abstract
Differing from the conventional direct-targeting strategy in which a probe or payload is directly loaded onto a targeting molecule that binds to the native target, pretargeting is an improved targeting strategy. It converts the native target to an artificial target specific for a secondary targeting molecule loaded with the probe or payload (effector). The effector is small and does not accumulate in normal tissues, which accelerates the targeting process and generates high target to nontarget ratios. DNA/cDNA analogs can serve as the recognition pair, i.e., the artificial target and the secondary targeting effector. Morpholino oligomers are so far the most investigated and the most successful DNA/cDNA analog recognition pairs for pretargeting. Herein, we describe the pretargeting principles, the pretargeting strategy using Morpholino oligomers, and the preclinical success so far achieved.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Pressman D, Korngold L (1953) The in vivo localization of anti-Wagner osteogenic-sarcoma antibodies. Cancer 6:619–612
Reardan DT, Meares CF, Goodwin DA et al (1985) Antibodies against metal chelates. Nature 316(6025):265–268
Hnatowich DJ, Virzi F, Rusckowski M (1987) Investigations of avidin and biotin for imaging applications. J Nucl Med 28:1294–1302
Liu G, Liu C, Zhang S, He J, Liu N, Gupta S, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2003) Investigations of technetium-99 m morpholino pretargeting in mice. Nucl Med Commun 24:697–705
Liu G, Dou S, Akalin A, Rusckowski M, Streeter PR, Shultz LD, Greiner DL (2012) Pretargeting vs direct targeting of human betalox5 islet cells subcutaneously implanted in mice using an anti-human islet cell antibody. Nucl Med Biol 39:645–651
Liu G (2016) A clearance step will become increasingly crucial for pretargeted tumor therapy when tumor accumulation is improved. J Cancer Clin Trials 1:2
Goldenberg DM, Chang CH, Rossi EA, JW MB (2012) Sharkey RM Pretargeted molecular imaging and radioimmunotherapy. Theranostics 2:523–540
van de Watering FC, Rijpkema M, Robillard M, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC (2014) Pretargeted imaging and radioimmunotherapy of cancer using antibodies and bioorthogonal chemistry. Front Med (Lausanne) 1:44
Kuijpers WH, Bos ES, Kaspersen FM, Veeneman GH, van Boeckel CA (1993) Specific recognition of antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates by radiolabeled antisense nucleotides: a novel approach for two-step radioimmunotherapy of cancer. Bioconjug Chem 4:94–102
Hnatowich DJ (1997) Pharmacokinetics considerations in the development of oligomers as radiopharmaceuticals. Q J Nucl Med 41:91–100
Liu G, He J, Zhang S, Liu C, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2002) Cytosine residues influence kidney accumulations of 99mTc-labeled morpholino oligomers. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 12:393–398
Rossin R, Verkerk PR, van den Bosch SM, Vulders RCM, Verel I, Lub J, MS R (2010) In vivo chemistry for pretargeted tumor imaging in live mice. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:3375–3378
Förster C, Bergmann R, Schubert M, Walther M, Pietzsch J, Vonhoff S, Klussmann S, Pietzsch H-J, Steinbach J (2010) Radiolabeled L-oligonucleotides with tunable pharmacokinetics—a suitable complementary system for pretargeting technologies. Nucl Med Biol 37:706
Vater A, Klussmann S (2015) Turning mirror-image oligonucleotides into drugs: the evolution of Spiegelmer® therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 20:147–155
Liu G, Hnatowich DJ (2008c) A semiempirical model of tumor pretargeting. Bioconjug Chem 19:2095–2104
Liu G, He J, Dou S, Gupta S, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2005) Further investigations of morpholino pretargeting in mice—establishing quantitative relations in tumor. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:1115–1123
Liu G (2013) Rules of thumb for maximum percent tumor accumulation. Nucl Med Biol 40:865–867
Liu G, Dou S, He J, Liu X, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2007) Predicting the biodistribution of radiolabeled cMORF effector in MORF-pretargeted mice. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34:237–246
Liu G, Dou S, Pretorius PH et al (2010) Tumor pretargeting in mice using MORF conjugated CC49 antibody and radiolabeled complimentary cMORF effector. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 54:333–340
Liu G, He J, Dou S, Gupta S, Vanderheyden J-L, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2004) Pretargeting in tumored mice with radiolabeled morpholino oligomer showing low kidney uptake. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31:417–424
Liu G, Dou S, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2008) An experimental and theoretical evaluation of the influence of pretargeting antibody on the tumor accumulation of effector. Mol Cancer Ther 7:1025–1032
Liu G, Dou S, Cheng D, Leif J, Rusckowski M, Streeter PR, Shultz LD, Hnatowich D, Greiner D (2011) Human islet cell MORF/cMORF pretargeting in a xenogeneic murine transplant model. Mol Pharm 8:767–773
Sharkey RM, van Rij CM, Karacay H, Rossi EA, Frielink C, Regino C, Cardillo TM, McBride WJ, Chang CH, Boerman OC, Goldenberg DM (2012) A new Tri-Fab bispecific antibody for pretargeting Trop-2-expressing epithelial cancers. J Nucl Med 53:1625–1632
Behr TM, Becker WS, Sharkey RM, Juweid ME, Dunn RM, Bair HJ, Wolf FG, Goldenberg DM (1996) Reduction of renal uptake of monoclonal antibody fragments by amino acid infusion. J Nucl Med 37:829–833
Honarvar H, Westerlund K, Altai M, Sandström M, Orlova A, Tolmachev V, Karlström AE (2016) Feasibility of affibody molecule-based PNA-mediated radionuclide pretargeting of malignant tumors. Theranostics 6:93–103
Altai M, Perols A, Tsourma M, Mitran B, Honarvar H, Robillard M, Rossin R, Ten Hoeve W, Lubberink M, Orlova A, Karlström AE, Tolmachev V (2016) Feasibility of affibody-based bioorthogonal chemistry-mediated radionuclide pretargeting. J Nucl Med 57:431–436
Dou S, Liu G (2016) A method to characterize in vivo binding of morpholinos for drug design. J Drug Discov Develop and Deliv 3:1018
Liu G, Zhang S, He J, Liu N, Gupta S, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2002) The influence of chain length and base sequence on the pharmacokinetic behavior of 99mTc-morpholinos in mice. Q J Nucl Med 46:233–243
Axworthy DB, Reno JM, Hylarides MD, Mallett RW, Theodore LJ, Gustavson LM, Su F, Hobson LJ, Beaumier PL, Fritzberg AR (2000) Cure of human carcinoma xenografts by a single dose of pretargeted yttrium-90 with negligible toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:1802–1807
Cheal SM, Yoo B, Boughdad S, Punzalan B, Yang G, Dilhas A, Torchon G, Pu J, Axworthy DB, Zanzonico P, Ouerfelli O, Larson SM (2014) Evaluation of glycodendron and synthetically modified dextran clearing agents for multistep targeting of radioisotopes for molecular imaging and radioimmunotherapy. Mol Pharm 11:400–416
Dou S, Virostko J, Greiner DL, Powers AC, Liu G (2015) Quantitative correlation of in vivo properties with in vitro assay results: the in vitro binding of a biotin-DNA analogue modifier with streptavidin predicts the in vivo avidin-induced clearability of the analogue-modified antibody. Mol Pharm 12:3097–3103
Dou S, Virostko J, Rusckowski M, Greiner DL, Powers AC, Liu G (2014) Differentiation between temporary and real non-clearabilityof biotinylated IgG antibody by avidin in mice. Front Pharmacol 5:172
Liu G, Dou S, Chen X, Chen L, Liu X, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2010) Adding a clearing agent to pretargeting does not lower the tumor accumulation of the effector as predicted. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 25:757–762
Liu G, Dou S, Baker S, Akalin A, Cheng D, Chen L, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2010) A preclinical 188Re tumor therapeutic investigation using MORF/cMORF pretargeting and an antiTAG-72 antibody CC49. Cancer Biol Ther 10:767–774
Liu G, Mang’era K, Liu N, Gupta S, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2002) Tumor pretargeting in mice using technetium-99 m labeled morpholinos, a DNA analog. J Nucl Med 43:384–391
Liu G, Dou S, Mardirossian G, He J, Zhang S, Liu X, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2006) Successful radiotherapy of tumor in pretargeted mice by 188Re-radiolabeled phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer, a synthetic DNA analogue. Clin Cancer Res 12:4958–4964
Liu G, Cheng D, Dou S, Chen X, Liang M, Pretorius H, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2009) Replacing 99mTc with 111In improves MORF/cMORF pretargeting by reducing intestinal accumulation. Mol Imaging Biol 11:303–307
Liu G, Dou S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2011) 90Y labeled phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer for pretargeting radiotherapy. Bioconjug Chem 22:2539–2545
He J, Rusckowski M, Wang Y, Dou S, Liu X, Zhang S, Liu G, Hnatowich DJ (2007) Optical pretargeting of tumor with fluorescent MORF oligomers. Mol Imaging Biol 9:17–23
Liu G, Dou S, Yin D, Squires S, Liu X, Wang Y, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2007) A novel pretargeting method for measuring antibody internalization in tumor cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 22:33–39
He J, Liu G, Dou S, Gupta S, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2007) An improved method for covalently conjugating morpholino oligomers to anticancer antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 18:983–988
Winnard P Jr, Chang F, Rusckowski M, Mardirossian G, Hnatowich DJ (1997) Preparation and use of NHS-MAG3 for technetium-99 m labeling of DNA. Nucl Med Biol 24:425–432
Liu G, Zhang S, He J, Zhu Z, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2002) Improving the labeling of S-acetyl NHS-MAG3 conjugated morpholino oligomers. Bioconjug Chem 13:893–897
Liu G, Dou S, He J, Yin D, Gupta S, Zhang S, Wang Y, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2006) Radiolabeling of MAG3-morpholino oligomers with 188Re at high labeling efficiency and specific radioactivity for tumor pretargeting. Appl Radiat Isot 64:971–978
Wang Y, Liu G, Hnatowich DJ (2006) Methods for MAG3 conjugation and 99mTc radiolabeling of biomolecules. Nat Protoc 1:1477–1480
Liu G, Dou S, Liu Y, Chen L, Cheng D, Greiner D, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ (2011) Unexpected side products in the conjugation of an amine-derivatized morpholino oligomer with p-isothiocyanate benzyl DTPA and their removal. Nucl Med Biol 38:159–163
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Liu, G. (2017). Use of Morpholino Oligomers for Pretargeting. In: Moulton, H., Moulton, J. (eds) Morpholino Oligomers. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1565. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6815-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6817-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols