Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases activation of immune cells is thought to play a major role. Microglia are the main immune cells of the central nervous system. When encountering disease related stimuli microglia adopt an activated phenotype that typically includes a rounded morphology. The exact role of microglia or other potentially infiltrating myeloid cells in different brain diseases is not fully understood. In this chapter we present techniques in zebrafish to induce degeneration of neurons, to activate the microglia, and to study activation phenotypes by immunohistochemistry and in vivo by fluorescence microscopic imaging.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Tremblay ME, Stevens B, Sierra A, Wake H, Bessis A, Nimmerjahn A (2011) The role of microglia in the healthy brain. J Neurosci 31(45):16064–16069. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4158-11.2011, doi:31/45/16064 [pii]
Kettenmann H, Hanisch U-K, Noda M, Verkhratsky A (2011) Physiology of microglia. Physiol Rev 91(2):461–553. doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2010
Hanisch UK, Kettenmann H (2007) Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain. Nat Neurosci 10(11):1387–1394. doi:10.1038/nn1997, doi:nn1997 [pii]
Prinz M, Priller J, Sisodia SS, Ransohoff RM (2011) Heterogeneity of CNS myeloid cells and their roles in neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 14(10):1227–1235. doi:10.1038/nn.2923, doi:nn.2923 [pii]
Oosterhof N, Boddeke E, van Ham TJ (2015) Immune cell dynamics in the CNS: Learning from the zebrafish. Glia 63(5):719–735. doi:10.1002/glia.22780
van Ham TJ, Kokel D, Peterson RT (2012) Apoptotic cells are cleared by directional migration and elmo1- dependent macrophage engulfment. Curr Biol 22(9):830–836. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.027, doi:S0960-9822(12)00314-4 [pii]
Van Ham TJ, Brady CA, Kalicharan RD, Oosterhof N, Kuipers J, Veenstra-Algra A, Sjollema KA, Peterson RT, Kampinga HH, Giepmans BN (2014) Intravital correlated microscopy reveals differential macrophage and microglial dynamics during resolution of neuroinflammation. Dis Model Mech 7(7):857–869. doi:10.1242/dmm.014886, doi:7/7/857 [pii]
Peri F, Nusslein-Volhard C (2008) Live imaging of neuronal degradation by microglia reveals a role for v0-ATPase a1 in phagosomal fusion in vivo. Cell 133(5):916–927. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.037, doi:S0092-8674(08)00611-9 [pii]
Herbomel P, Thisse B, Thisse C (2001) Zebrafish early macrophages colonize cephalic mesenchyme and developing brain, retina, and epidermis through a M-CSF receptor-dependent invasive process. Dev Biol 238(2):274–288. doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0393, doi:S0012-1606(01)90393-8 [pii]
Ginhoux F, Greter M, Leboeuf M, Nandi S, See P, Gokhan S, Mehler MF, Conway SJ, Ng LG, Stanley ER, Samokhvalov IM, Merad M (2010) Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages. Science 330(6005):841–845. doi:10.1126/science.1194637, doi:science.1194637 [pii]
Curado S, Anderson RM, Jungblut B, Mumm J, Schroeter E, Stainier DY (2007) Conditional targeted cell ablation in zebrafish: a new tool for regeneration studies. Dev Dyn 236(4):1025–1035. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21100
Oosterhof N, Holtman IR, Kuil LE, van der Linde HC, Boddeke EW, Eggen BJ, van Ham TJ (2016) Identification of a conserved and acute neurodegeneration-specific microglial transcriptome in the zebrafish. Glia 65(1):138–149. doi:10.1002/glia.23083
Distel M, Wullimann MF, Koster RW (2009) Optimized Gal4 genetics for permanent gene expression mapping in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(32):13365–13370. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903060106, doi:0903060106 [pii]
Ellett F, Pase L, Hayman JW, Andrianopoulos A, Lieschke GJ (2011) mpeg1 promoter transgenes direct macrophage-lineage expression in zebrafish. Blood 117(4):e49–e56. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-10-314120, doi:blood-2010-10-314120 [pii]
Davison JM, Akitake CM, Goll MG, Rhee JM, Gosse N, Baier H, Halpern ME, Leach SD, Parsons MJ (2007) Transactivation from Gal4-VP16 transgenic insertions for tissue-specific cell labeling and ablation in zebrafish. Dev Biol 304(2):811–824. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.01.033, doi:S0012-1606(07)00080-2 [pii]
van Ham TJ, Mapes J, Kokel D, Peterson RT (2010) Live imaging of apoptotic cells in zebrafish. FASEB J 24(11):4336–4342. doi:10.1096/fj.10-161018, doi:fj.10-161018 [pii]
Karlsson J, von Hofsten J, Olsson PE (2001) Generating transparent zebrafish: a refined method to improve detection of gene expression during embryonic development. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 3(6):522–527. doi:10.1007/s1012601-0053-4
White RM, Sessa A, Burke C, Bowman T, LeBlanc J, Ceol C, Bourque C, Dovey M, Goessling W, Burns CE, Zon LI (2008) Transparent adult zebrafish as a tool for in vivo transplantation analysis. Cell Stem Cell 2(2):183–189. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2007.11.002, doi:S1934-5909(07)00275-5 [pii]
Acknowledgments
This work was sponsored by ZonMW [VENI grant number 016.136.150], a Marie Curie Career Integration Grant [Saving Dying Neurons, 322368], and an Alzheimer Nederland fellowship [grant number WE.15-2012-01] to T.J.v.H..
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Oosterhof, N., Kuil, L.E., van Ham, T.J. (2017). Microglial Activation by Genetically Targeted Conditional Neuronal Ablation in the Zebrafish. In: Clausen, B., Laman, J. (eds) Inflammation. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1559. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6786-5_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6786-5_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6784-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6786-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols