Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the method of choice for chemical synthesis of peptides. In this nonspecialist review, we describe commonly used resins, linkers, protecting groups, and coupling reagents in 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) SPPS. Finally, a detailed protocol for manual Fmoc SPPS is presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Merrifield RB (1963) Solid phase peptide synthesis. I. The synthesis of a tetrapeptide. J Am Chem Soc 85:2149–2154
Tulla-Puche J, El-Faham A, Galanis AS, de Oliveira E, Zompra AA, Albericio F (2015) Methods for the peptide synthesis and analysis. In: Peptide chemistry and drug design. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, NY, pp 11–73
Hansen PR, Oddo A (2015) Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. Methods Mol Biol 1348:33–50
Fields GB, Lauer-Fields JL, Liu R-Q, Barany G (2002) Principle and practice of solid-phase peptide synthesis. In: Synthetic peptides: a user’s guide. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp 93–219
Jensen KJ (2013) Solid-phase peptide synthesis: an introduction. Methods Mol Biol 1047:1–21
Behrendt R, White P, Offer J (2016) Advances in Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 22:4–27
Paradis-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F (2016) The road to the synthesis of “difficult peptides”. Chem Soc Rev 45:631–654
Góngora-Benítez M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F (2013) Handles for Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of protected peptides. ACS Comb Sci 15:217–228
Dawson PE, Muir TW, Clark-Lewis I, Kent SBH (1994) Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation. Science 266:776–779
Pedersen SW, Armishaw CJ, Strømgaard K (2013) Synthesis of peptides using tert –butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) as the α-amino protection group. Methods Mol Biol 1047:65–80
Shelton P, Jensen KJ (2013) Linkers, resins, and general procedures for solid-phase peptide synthesis. Methods Mol Biol 1047:23–41
Meldal M (1997) Properties of solid supports. Methods Enzymol 289:83–104
Rapp W, Zhang L, Habich R, Bayer E (1989) Polystyrene-polyoxyethylene graftcopolymers for high speed peptide synthesis. Peptides 1988:199–201
Meldal M (1992) PEGA: a flow stable polyethylene glycol dimethyl acrylamide copolymer for solid phase synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 33:3077–3080
García-Martín F, Quintanar-Audelo M, García-Ramos Y, Cruz LJ, Gravel C, Furic R, Côté S, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F (2006) ChemMatrix, a poly(ethylene glycol)-based support for the solid-phase synthesis of complex peptides. J Comb Chem 8:213–220
Barlos K, Chatzi O, Gatos D, Stavropoulos G (1991) 2-Chlorotrityl chloride resin. Int J Pept Protein Res 37:513–520
Wang S-S, Gisin BF, Winter DP, Makofske R, Kulesha ID, Tzougraki C, Meienhofer J (1977) Facile synthesis of amino acid and peptide esters under mild conditions via cesium salts. J Org Chem 42:1286–1290
Rink H (1987) Solid-Phase synthesis of protected peptide fragments using a tri-Alkoxy-diphenyl-methylester resin. Tetrahedron Lett 28:3787–3790
Jensen KJ, Alsina J, Songster MF, Vágner J, Albericio F, Barany G (1998) Backbone Amide Linker (BAL) strategy for solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal-modified and cyclic peptides. J Am Chem Soc 123:5441–5452
Alsina J, Albericio F (2003) Solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal modified peptides. Biopolymers 71:454–477
Lambert JN, Mitchell JP, Roberts KD (2001) The synthesis of cyclic peptides. J Chem Soc Perk Trans 1:471–484
El-Faham A, Albericio F (2011) Peptide coupling reagents, more than a letter soup. Chem Rev 111:6557–6602
Romoff T (2004) Racemization assays. Houben-Weyl 22b:657–769
Sheehan JC, Hess GP (1955) A new method of forming peptide bonds. J Am Chem Soc 77:1067–1068
König W, Geiger R (1970) A new method for synthesis of peptides: activation of the carboxyl group with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide using 1-hydroxybenzotriazoles as additives. Chem Ber 103:788–798
Carpino LA (1993) 1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole. An efficient peptide additive. J Am Chem Soc 115:4397–4398
Subiros-Funosas R, Prohens R, Barbas R, El-Faham A, Albericio F (2009) Oxyma: an efficient additive for peptide synthesis to replace the benzotriazole-based HOBt and HOAt with a lower risk of explosion. Chemistry 15:9394–9403
Castro B, Dormoy JR, Evin G, Selve C (1975) Reactifs de couplage peptidique IV (1) - L’hexaflurophosphate de benzotriazolyl N-oxytrisdemethylamino phosphonium. Tetrahedron Lett 14:1219–1222
Coste J, LeNguyen D, Castro B (1990) PyBoP®: a new peptide coupling reagent devoid of toxic by-product. Tetrahedron Lett 31:205–208
Carpino LA, El-Faham A, Minor CA, Albericio A (1994) Advantageous applications of azabenzotriazole (triazolopyridine)-based coupling reagents to solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 25:201–203
Frérot E, Coste J, Pantaloni A, Dufour M-N, Jouin P (1991) PyBOP® and PyBroP: two reagents for the difficult coupling of the α, α-dialkyl amino acid, Aib. Tetrahedron 47:259–270
Knorr R, Trzcieak A, Bannwarth W, Gillesen D (1989) New coupling reagents in peptide chemistry. Tetrahedron Lett 30:1927–1930
Dourtoglou V, Gross B (1984) HBTU as coupling reagent for the synthesis of peptides of biological interest. Synthesis 573–574
El-Faham A, Subiros Funosas R, Prohens R, Albericio F (2009) COMU: a safer and more effective replacement for benzotriazole-based uronium coupling reagents. Chemistry 15:9404–9416
El-Faham A, Albericio F (2010) COMU: a third generation of uronium-type coupling reagents. J Pept Sci 16:6–9
Isidro-Llobet A, Alvarez M, Albericio F (2009) Amino acid-protecting groups. Chem Rev 109:2455–2504
Callahan FM, Anderson GW, Paul R, Zimmerman JE (1963) The tertiary butyl group as a blocking agent for hydroxyl, sulfhydryl and amido functions in peptide synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 85:201–207
McKay FC, Albertson NF (1957) New amine-masking groups for peptide synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 79:4686–4690
Carpino LA, Shroff H, Triolo SA, Mansour E-SME, Wenschuh H, Albericio F (1993) The 2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl group (Pbf) as arginine side chain protectant. Tetrahedron Lett 34:7829–7832
Sieber P, Riniker B (1991) Protection of carboxamide functions by the trityl residue. Application to peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 32:739–742
King DS, Fields CG, Fields GB (1990) A cleavage method which minimizes side reactions following Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis. Int J Pept Protein Res 36:254–266
Nielsen SL, Frimodt-Moller N, Kragelund BB, Hansen PR (2007) Structure activity study of the antibacterial peptide fallaxin. Protein Sci 16:1969–1976
Albericio F, Kneib-Cordonier N, Biancalana S, Gera L, Masada RI, Hudson D, Barany G (1990) Preparation and application of the PAL handle for the solid-phase peptide synthesis of C-terminal peptide amides under mild conditions. J Org Chem 55:3730–3743
Solé NA, Barany G (1992) Optimization of solid-phase peptide synthesis of [Ala8]-dynorphin. J Org Chem 57:5399–5403
De Luca S, Bruno G, Fattorusso R, Isernia C, Pedrone C, Morelli G (1998) New synthetic tools for peptide-tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives. Lett Pept Sci 5:269–276
Oddo A, Thomsen TT, Kjelstrup S, Gorey C, Franzyk H, Frimodt-Møller N, Løbner-Olesen A, Hansen PR (2016) An all-D amphipathic undecapeptide shows promising activity against colistin-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and a dual mode of action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:592–599
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Münzker, L., Oddo, A., Hansen, P.R. (2017). Chemical Synthesis of Antimicrobial Peptides. In: Hansen, P. (eds) Antimicrobial Peptides. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1548. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6737-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6737-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6735-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6737-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols